The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of Western and Far Eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ∼8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ∼24,000-year-old Siberian. By ∼6,000-5,000 years ago, farmers throughout much of Europe had more hunter-gatherer ancestry than their predecessors, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but also from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ∼4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ∼75% of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ∼3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We combined our data with previously published ancient data7,8,9,10,8,10-15 to form a dataset of 281 ancient individuals.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modelled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these populations, which we confirmed using qpWave7 (Supplementary Information, section 7).”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“PCA on present-day West Eurasian populations (Methods) (Extended Data Fig. 1) on which we projected the ancient individuals (Fig. 1b) replicates previous findings of a Europe-Near East contrast along the horizontal Principal Component 1 (PC1) and parallel clines (PC2) in both Europe and the Near East (Extended Data Fig. 1)7,8,13.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The demographic impact of steppe related populations on South Asia was substantial, as the Mala, a south Indian population with minimal ANI along the ‘Indian Cline’ of such ancestry34,35 is inferred to have ~18% steppe-related ancestry, while the Kalash of Pakistan are inferred to have ~50%, similar to present-day northern Europeans7.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Scandinavian hunter-gatherers7,8,13 (SHG) are a mix of EHG and WHG;”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is now believed that it was this pastoralist migration, and not earlier Neolithic population movements, that likely brought the proto-Indo-European language to Europe 158,226 .”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During the Neolithic (2), the arrival of farming populations dramatically shifted the genetic profile of individuals in Britain towards Anatolian Neolithic Farmers (ANF, yellow).”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The gene pool of people who lived in present-day Britain has considerably changed through time, reflecting a complex migration and admixture history.”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“During the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods (1), individuals in Britain genetically resembled Western Hunter Gatherer (WHG, blue) populations found at that time throughout much of Western Europe.”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Then, beginning in the Chalcolithic period and continuing through the Bronze Age (Early Bronze Age, EBA) (3), the genetic profile of individuals in Britain shifted again, this time towards Western Steppe Herders (WSH, pink) from the Pontic steppes associated with the expansion of the Bell Beaker cultural phenomenon across Europe.”
From Ancient DNA analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [158]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We then used qpAdm8 (with parameter allsnps: YES) to test whether Sidon_BA can be modeled as mixture of Levant_N and any other ancient population in the dataset and found good support for the model of Sidon_BA being a mixture of Levant_N (48.4% ± 4.2%) and Iran_ChL (51.6% ± 4.2%) (Figure 2B; Table S3).”
From Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This includes the European Neolithic transition, when farmers coming from southeast Europe and Anatolia partially replaced hunter-gatherers (32–35), as well as the Bronze Age, with the spread of pastoralist populations from Eurasian steppes (36–38).”
From Past human expansions shaped the spatial pattern of Neanderthal ancestry (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The spread of Near Eastern ancestry into the Eurasian steppe was previously inferred7 without access to ancient samples, by hypothesizing a population related to present-day Armenians as a source7,8.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Both qpAdm35 and the f4-ratio test39 reveal that modern Egyptians inherit 8% more ancestry from African ancestors than the three ancient Egyptians do, which is also consistent with the ADMIXTURE results discussed above.”
From Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods (2017) · cites this paper as [35]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“We obtain the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipaleolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia (Supplementary Information, section 6) 7,8.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The Chalcolithic people of western Iran can be modelled as a mixture of the Neolithic people of western Iran, the Levant, and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers (CHG), consistent with their position in the PCA (Fig. 1b).”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The refined model shows that the arrival of the first farmers during the Early Neolithic from the Near East was followed by a massive migration from the Eurasian Steppe ~4500 ya involving people from the Yamnaya culture [31].”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“The genetic impact of the Yamnaya migration is strikingly illustrated by the transition in European Y-chromosomal haplogroups from a predominance of G2a beforehand to R1a and R1b afterwards [31]”
From Ancient DNA and the rewriting of human history: be sparing with Occam’s razor (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform
Li, H., & Durbin, R. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324 · Cited by 58,607
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089
Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies
Price, A. L., Patterson, N. J., Plenge, R. M., Weinblatt, M. E., Shadick, N. A., & Reich, D. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1847 · Cited by 10,248
Self-citationFast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals
Alexander, D. H., Novembre, J., & Lange, K. (2009) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.094052.109 · Cited by 9,898
Journal of the American Statistical Association
Koehler, A. B. (1995) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(95)90067-5 · Cited by 5,359
Population Structure and Eigenanalysis
Patterson, N., Price, A. L., & Reich, D. (2006) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020190 · Cited by 5,280
Self-citationA draft sequence of the Neandertal genome
Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M. H.-Y., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188021 · Cited by 4,318
Self-citationAncient Admixture in Human History
Patterson, N., Moorjani, P., Luo, Y., Mallick, S., Rohland, N., Zhan, Y., Genschoreck, T., Webster, T., & Reich, D. (2012) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.112.145037 · Cited by 2,848
Self-citationInference of population splits and mixtures from genome-wide allele frequency data
Pickrell, J. K., & Pritchard, J. K. (2012) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002967 · Cited by 2,731
The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains
Prüfer, K., Racimo, F., Patterson, N., Jay, F., Sankararaman, S., Sawyer, S., Heinze, A., Renaud, G., Sudmant, P. H., de Filippo, C., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12886 · Cited by 2,254
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Rohland, N., Harney, E., Mallick, S., Nordenfelt, S. & Reich, D. Partial uracil–DNA–glycosylase treatment for screening of ancient DNA. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 370, 20130624 (2015) · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,001
Cultural and demic co-diffusion of Tubo Empire on Tibetan Plateau
Zhu, K., Du, P., Li, J., Zhang, J., Hu, X., Meng, H., Chen, L., Zhou, B., Yang, X., Xiong, J., et al. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105636 · Cited by 25
Krause, J., & Pääbo, S. (2016) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.116.187856 · Cited by 25
Self-citationEstimating divergence times from DNA sequences
Sjödin, P., McKenna, J., & Jakobsson, M. (2021) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab008 · Cited by 26
Whole-genome resequencing reveals genetic structure and introgression in Pudong White pigs
Huang, M., Zhang, H., Wu, Z., Wang, X. P., Li, D. S., Liu, S. J., Zheng, S., Yang, L., Liu, B. B., Li, G. X., et al. (2021) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2021.100354 · Cited by 26
Ning, C., Zhang, F., Cao, Y., Qin, L., Hudson, M. J., Gao, S., Ma, P., Li, W., Zhu, S., Li, C., et al. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103352 · Cited by 26
Development and Optimization of a Silica Column-Based Extraction Protocol for Ancient DNA
Dehasque, M., Pečnerová, P., Lagerholm, V. K., Ersmark, E., Danilov, G. K., Mortensen, P. B., Vartanyan, S., & Dalén, L. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13040687 · Cited by 27
Xue, J., Wang, W., Shao, J., Dai, X., Sun, Z., Gardner, J. D., Chen, L., Guo, X., Di, N., Pei, X., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.909267 · Cited by 25
Self-citationEvidence for dynastic succession among early Celtic elites in Central Europe
Gretzinger, J., Schmitt, F., Mötsch, A., Carlhoff, S., Lamnidis, T. C., Huang, Y., Ringbauer, H., Knipper, C., Francken, M., Mandt, F., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01888-7 · Cited by 27
Self-citationA geographic history of human genetic ancestry
Gründler, M. C., Terhorst, J., & Bradburd, G. S. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adp4642 · Cited by 25
Whole mitochondrial genome diversity in two Hungarian populations
Malyarchuk, B. А., Derenko, M. V., Denisova, G. A., Litvinov, A., Rogalla, U., Skonieczna, K., Grzybowski, T., Pentelényi, K., Guba, Z., Zeke, T., et al. (2018) · Molecular Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1007/s00438-018-1458-x · Cited by 25
Ecological dimensions of population dynamics and subsistence in Neo-Eneolithic Eastern Europe
Harper, T. K., Diachenko, A., Rassamakin, Y., & Kennett, D. J. (2018) · Journal of Anthropological Archaeology · doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2018.11.006 · Cited by 25
First direct evidence of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) in Central Europe
Kučera, L., Peška, J., Fojtík, P., Barták, P., Kučerová, P., Pavelka, J., Komárková, V., Beneš, J., Polcerová, L., Králík, M., et al. (2019) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00798-4 · Cited by 25
Isolation-by-distance-and-time in a stepping-stone model
Duforet-Frebourg, N., & Slatkin, M. (2015) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2015.11.003 · Cited by 26
Migration Myths and the End of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean
Knapp, A. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108990363 · Cited by 25
50,000 years of Evolutionary History of India: Insights from ~2,700 Whole Genome SequencesPreprint
Kerdoncuff, É., Skov, L., Patterson, N. J., Zhao, W., Lueng, Y. Y., Schellenberg, G. D., Smith, J. A., Dey, S., Ganna, A., Dey, A., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.15.580575 · Cited by 26
Self-citationStolarek, I., Juras, A., Handschuh, L., Marcinkowska, M., Philips, A., Zeńczak, M., Dębski, A., Kóčka-Krenz, H., Piontek, J., Kozłowski, P., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20705-6 · Cited by 25
A Genomic View of the Pleistocene Population History of Asia
Sikora, M. (2017) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/694422 · Cited by 24
Celtic Provenance in Traditional Herbal Medicine of Medieval Wales and Classical Antiquity
Wagner, C., Gezelle, J. M. D., & Komarnytsky, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00105 · Cited by 24
Lü, Q.-Q., Henderson, J., Wang, Y., & Wang, B. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82245-w · Cited by 24
Advancing and refining archaeological dental calculus research using multiomic frameworks
Wright, S., Dobney, K. M., & Weyrich, L. S. (2021) · STAR Science & Technology of Archaeological Research · doi:10.1080/20548923.2021.1882122 · Cited by 26
Ingman, T., Eisenmann, S., Skourtanioti, E., Akar, M., Ilgner, J., Gnecchi‐Ruscone, G. A., le Roux, P., Shafiq, R., Neumann, G. U., Keller, M., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241883 · Cited by 24
Self-citationStrontium isotope analysis reveals prehistoric mobility patterns in the southeastern Baltic area
Piličiauskas, G., Simčenka, E., Lidén, K., Kozakaitė, J., Miliauskienė, Ž., Piličiauskienė, G., Kooijman, E., Šinkūnas, P., & Robson, H. K. (2022) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-022-01539-w · Cited by 24
Analyzing asymmetries and praxis in aDNA research: A bioanthropological critique
Argüelles, J. M., Fuentes, A., & Fuentes, A. (2022) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13692 · Cited by 28
Apportioning archaic variants among modern populations
Witt, K. E., Villanea, F. A., Loughran, E., Zhang, X., & Huerta‐Sánchez, E. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0411 · Cited by 27
Gerber, D., Szeifert, B., Székely, O., Egyed, B., Gyuris, B., Giblin, J. I., Horváth, A., Köhler, K., Kulcsár, G., Kustár, Á., et al. (2023) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msad182 · Cited by 30
Self-citationUnveiling recent and ongoing adaptive selection in human populations
Gao, Z. (2024) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002469 · Cited by 12
Ancient genomes revealed the complex human interactions of the ancient western Tibetans
Bai, F., Liu, Y., Wangdue, S., Wang, T., He, W., Xi, L., Tsho, Y., Tsering, T., Cao, P., Dai, Q., et al. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.068 · Cited by 24
Self-citationA genomic history of the North Pontic Region from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age
Nikitin, A. G., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N. J., Іванова, С., Videiko, M. Y., Dergachev, V., Kotova, N., Lillie, M. C., Potekhina, I. D., Krenz‐Niedbała, M., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08372-2 · Cited by 28
Self-citationCoia, V., Cipollini, G., Anagnostou, P., Maixner, F., Battaggia, C., Brisighelli, F., Gómez‐Carballa, A., Destro‐Bisol, G., Salas, A., & Zink, A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep18932 · Cited by 24
Klejn, L. S., Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N. J., Reich, D., Kristiansen, K., Sjögren, K.-G., Allentoft, M. E., Sikora, M., & Willerslev, E. (2017) · European Journal of Archaeology · doi:10.1017/eaa.2017.35 · Cited by 24
Self-citationA genetic perspective on Longobard-Era migrations
Vai, S., Brunelli, A., Modi, A., Tassi, F., Vergata, C., Pilli, E., Lari, M., Susca, R. R., Giostra, C., Baricco, L. P., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41431-018-0319-8 · Cited by 25
Crombé, P., Aluwé, K., Boudin, M., Snoeck, C., Messiaen, L., & Teetaert, D. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77002-4 · Cited by 28
Quantitative Human Paleogenetics: What can Ancient DNA Tell us About Complex Trait Evolution?
Irving-Pease, E. K., Muktupavela, R., Dannemann, M., & Racimo, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.703541 · Cited by 27
Inland-coastal bifurcation of southern East Asians revealed by Hmong-Mien genomic historyPreprint
Xia, Z., Yan, S. L., Wang, C., Zheng, H.-X., Zhang, F., Liu, Y.-C., Yu, G., Yu, B.-X., Shu, L.-L., & Li, J. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/730903 · Cited by 24
Paleogenomics of the prehistory of Europe: human migrations, domestication and disease
Serrano, J. G., Ordóñez, A. C., & Fregel, R. (2021) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460.2021.1942205 · Cited by 23
Sinner, A. G., Monfort, C. C., & Houten, P. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780191943881.001.0001 · Cited by 24
The genomic history of East Asian Middle Neolithic millet- and rice-agricultural populations
Xiong, J., Xu, Y., Chen, G., Yang, L., Zhou, Y., Pan, Y., Wang, Z., Bai, J., Zhang, B., Dong, G., et al. (2025) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2025.100976 · Cited by 23
Rodríguez‐Frias, F., Quer, J., Tabernero, D., Cortese, M. F., García-García, S., Rando‐Segura, A., & Pumarola, T. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9122518 · Cited by 26
Fine-scale sampling uncovers the complexity of migrations in 5th–6th century Pannonia
Vyas, D. N., Koncz, I., Modi, A., Mende, B. G., Tian, Y., Francalacci, P., Lari, M., Vai, S., Straub, P., Gallina, Z., et al. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.063 · Cited by 27
Ancient Human Migration after Out-of-Africa
Shriner, D., Ayele, F. T., Adeyemo, A., & Rotimi, C. N. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep26565 · Cited by 23
Nikitin, A. G., Potekhina, I. D., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Reich, D., & Lillie, M. C. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172952 · Cited by 24
Self-citationHeraclides, A., Bashiardes, E., Fernández‐Domínguez, E., Bertoncini, S., Chimonas, M., Christofi, V., King, J. L., Budowle, B., Manoli, P., & Cariolou, M. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179474 · Cited by 25
Violence at Verteba Cave , Ukraine : New insights into the Late Neolithic intergroup conflict
Madden, G., Karsten, J., Ledogar, S. H., Schmidt, R., & Sokhatsky, M. (2017) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.2633 · Cited by 23
Pereltsvaig, A. M. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009338615 · Cited by 23
The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland
Bradley, R. A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108419925 · Cited by 23
Six complete mitochondrial genomes from Early Bronze Age humans in the North Caucasus
Sokolov, A., Nedoluzhko, A., Boulygina, E., Tsygankova, S., Сергеевич, Ш. Ф., Gruzdeva, N. M., Shishlov, A., Kolpakova, A., Rezepkin, A. D., Skryabin, K. G., et al. (2016) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.07.017 · Cited by 23
Goldberg, A., Günther, T., Rosenberg, N. A., & Jakobsson, M. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1704442114 · Cited by 23
Parsons, D. N. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888956.003.0009 · Cited by 22
From North Asia to South America: Tracing the longest human migration through genomic sequencing
Gusareva, E. S., Ghosh, A. G., Харьков, В. Н., Khor, S., Зарубин, А. А., Moshkov, N., Kalsi, N., Ratan, A., Heinle, C. E., Cooke, N. P., et al. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adk5081 · Cited by 24
The Evolution of Migration: the Case of Lapita in the Southwest Pacific
Cochrane, E. E. (2017) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-017-9345-z · Cited by 24
Clavel, P., Dumoncel, J., Sarkissian, C. S. I. D., Seguin‐Orlando, A., Tonasso‐Calvière, L., Schiavinato, S., Chauvey, L., Perdereau, A., Aury, J., Wincker, P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2021.105383 · Cited by 23
Ancient Maltese genomes and the genetic geography of Neolithic Europe
Ariano, B., Mattiangeli, V., Breslin, E. M., Parkinson, E. W., McLaughlin, R., Thompson, J. E., Power, R. K., Stock, J. T., Mercieca‐Spiteri, B., Stoddart, S., et al. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.069 · Cited by 24
Scorrano, G., Viva, S., Pinotti, T., Fabbri, P. F., Rickards, O., & Macciardi, F. M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10899-1 · Cited by 25
Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea
Gelabert, P., Blažytė, A., Chang, Y., Fernandes, D., Jeon, S., Hong, J. G., Yoon, J., Ko, Y., Oberreiter, V., Cheronet, O., et al. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.004 · Cited by 22
Wang, X., Skourtanioti, E., Benz, M., Gresky, J., Ilgner, J., Lucas, M., Morsch, M., Peters, J., Pöllath, N., Ringbauer, H., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2210611120 · Cited by 25
Self-citationGibbon, V. E., Feris, L., Gretzinger, J., Smith, K. A., Hall, S., Penn, N., Mutsvangwa, T., Heale, M., Finaughty, D. A., Karanja, Y. W., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284785 · Cited by 22
Self-citationThe genetic legacy of African Americans from Catoctin Furnace
Harney, É., Micheletti, S. J., Bruwelheide, K. S., Freyman, W. A., Bryc, K., Akbari, A., Jewett, E. M., Comer, E., Gates, H. L., Heywood, L. M., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ade4995 · Cited by 23
Self-citationslendr: a framework for spatio-temporal population genomic simulations on geographic landscapes
Petr, M., Haller, B. C., Ralph, P. L., & Racimo, F. (2023) · Peer Community Journal · doi:10.24072/pcjournal.354 · Cited by 24
Larsson, M. N. A., Miranda, P. M., Pan, L., Vural, K. B., Kaptan, D., Soares, A. E. R., Kivikero, H., Kantanen, J., Somel, M., Özer, F., et al. (2024) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evae114 · Cited by 25
Y-chromosomal sequences of diverse Indian populations and the ancestry of the Andamanese
Mondal, M., Bergström, A., Xue, Y., Calafell, F., Laayouni, H., Casals, F., Majumder, P. P., Tyler‐Smith, C., & Bertranpetit, J. (2017) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-017-1800-0 · Cited by 22
Yelmen, B., Mondal, M., Marnetto, D., Pathak, A. K., Montinaro, F., Romero, I. G., Kivisild, T., Metspalu, M., & Pagani, L. (2019) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msz037 · Cited by 23
Human Genomic Diversity Where the Mediterranean Joins the Atlantic
Hernández, C. L., Pita, G., Cavadas, B., López, S., Sánchez, L. J., Dugoujon, J., Novelletto, A., Cuesta, P., Pereira, L., & Calderón, R. (2019) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msz288 · Cited by 24
Immel, A., Țerna, S., Simalcsik, A., Susat, J., Šarov, O., Sîrbu, G., Hofmann, R., Müller, J., Nebel, A., & Krause‐Kyora, B. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61190-0 · Cited by 23
Kinship Determination in Archeological Contexts Through DNA Analysis
Vai, S., Amorim, C. E. G., Lari, M., & Caramelli, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00083 · Cited by 26
Wu, X., Ning, C., Key, F. M., Valtueña, A. A., Lankapalli, A. K., Gao, S., Xuan, Y., Zhang, F., Liu, L., Nie, Z., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009886 · Cited by 22
Self-citationF ST and kinship for arbitrary population structures I: Generalized definitionsPreprint
Ochoa, A., & Storey, J. D. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/083915 · Cited by 23
Kinship practices at the early bronze age site of Leubingen in Central Germany
Penske, S., Küßner, M., Rohrlach, A. B., Knipper, C., Nováček, J., Childebayeva, A., Krause, J., & Haak, W. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54462-6 · Cited by 24
Self-citationAncient DNA reveals a two-clanned matrilineal community in Neolithic China
Wang, J., Yan, S. L., Li, Z., Zan, J., Zhao, Y., Zhao, J. W., Chen, K., Wang, X., Ji, T., Zhang, C., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09103-x · Cited by 22
Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic ‘green’ Sahara
Vai, S., Sarno, S., Lari, M., Luiselli, D., Manzi, G., Gallinaro, M., Mataich, S., Hübner, A., Modi, A., Pilli, E., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1 · Cited by 24
Old bones or early graves? Megalithic burial sequences in southern Sweden based on 14C datings
Blank, M., Sjögren, K.-G., & Storå, J. (2020) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-020-01039-9 · Cited by 21
Juras, A., Makarowicz, P., Chyleński, M., Ehler, E., Malmström, H., Krzewińska, M., Pospieszny, Ł., Górski, J., Taras, H., Szczepanek, A., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24057 · Cited by 24
Furholt, M. (2020) · Préhistoires méditerranéennes/Préhistoires méditerranéennes/Préhistoire anthropologie méditerranéennes · doi:10.4000/pm.2383 · Cited by 21
Szeifert, B., Gerber, D., Csáky, V., Langó, P., Stashenkov, D. A., Khokhlov, A. A., Sitdikov, A. G., Gazimzyanov, I. R., Volkova, E. V., Матвеева, Н. П., et al. (2022) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddac106 · Cited by 26
Self-citationComplex population history affects admixture analyses in nine‐spined sticklebacks
Feng, X., Merilä, J., & Löytynoja, A. (2022) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.16651 · Cited by 23
Hunter-gatherer admixture facilitated natural selection in Neolithic European farmers
Davy, T., Ju, D., Mathieson, I., & Skoglund, P. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.049 · Cited by 22
On Class and Elitism in Archaeology
Ribeiro, A., & Giamakis, C. (2023) · Open Archaeology · doi:10.1515/opar-2022-0309 · Cited by 25
Flegontova, O., Işıldak, U., Yüncü, E., Williams, M. P., Huber, C. D., Kočí, J., Vyazov, L. A., Changmai, P., & Flegontov, P. (2025) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyaf047 · Cited by 23
Genome and Evolution of Yersinia pestis
Cui, Y., & Song, Y. (2016) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0890-4_6 · Cited by 22
Tornberg, A., & Jacobsson, L. (2018) · International Journal of Osteoarchaeology · doi:10.1002/oa.2646 · Cited by 21
Detecting Signatures of Positive Selection along Defined Branches of a Population Tree Using LSD
Librado, P., & Orlando, L. (2018) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msy053 · Cited by 28
Fort, J., Pareta, M. M., & Sørensen, L. (2018) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2018.0597 · Cited by 21
Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians
Mary, L., Zvénigorosky, V., Kovalev, A., Gonzalez, A., Fausser, J., Jagorel, F., Kilunovskaya, M. E., Semenov, V., Crubézy, É., Ludes, B., et al. (2019) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y · Cited by 23
Assessing the Relationship of Ancient and Modern Populations
Schraiber, J. G. (2017) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.117.300448 · Cited by 22
The Genomic Formation of Human Populations in East AsiaPreprint
Wang, C., 王传超, Yeh, H., Popov, А. N., Zhang, H., Matsumura, H., Sirak, K. A., Cheronet, O., Kovalev, A., Rohland, N., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.25.004606v1 · Cited by 21
Self-citationThe genomic formation of First American ancestors in East and Northeast Asia
Ning, C., Fernandes, D., Changmai, P., Flegontova, O., Yüncü, E., Maier, R., Altınışık, N. E., Kassian, A. S., Krause, J., Lalueza-Fox, C., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.12.336628 · Cited by 19
Self-citationKeita, S. O. Y. (2023) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.13903 · Cited by 20
Russell, P. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888956.003.0010 · Cited by 20
Early Literacy and Multilingualism in Ireland and Britain
Stifter, D., & White, N. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198888956.003.0008 · Cited by 20
Through 40,000 years of human presence in Southern Europe: the Italian case study
Aneli, S., Caldon, M., Saupe, T., Montinaro, F., & Pagani, L. (2021) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-021-02328-6 · Cited by 23
Genetic continuity and change among the Indigenous peoples of California
Nakatsuka, N. J., Holguin, B., Sedig, J. W., Langenwalter, P. E., Carpenter, J. P., Culleton, B. J., García-Moreno, C., Harper, T. K., Martin, D. L., Ramírez, J. M., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06771-5 · Cited by 20
Self-citationPinke, Z., Ferenczi, L., Gábris, G., & Nagy, B. (2016) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.032 · Cited by 20
Population and forest dynamics during the Central European Eneolithic (4500–2000 BC)
Kolář, J., Kuneš, P., Szabó, P., Hajnalová, M., Svobodova, H., Macek, M., & Tkáč, P. (2016) · Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12520-016-0446-5 · Cited by 20
Characterization of the Iberian Y chromosome haplogroup R-DF27 in Northern Spain
Villaescusa, P., Illescas, M. J., Valverde, L., Baeta, M., Núńez, C., Martínez‐Jarreta, B., Zarrabeitia, M. T., Calafell, F., & de Pancorbo, M. M. (2016) · Forensic Science International Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.013 · Cited by 20
Subsistence and Society in Prehistory
Outram, A. K., & Bogaard, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316415177 · Cited by 21
Integrating Linguistics, Social Structure, and Geography to Model Genetic Diversity within India
Bose, A., Platt, D. E., Parida, L., Petros Drineas, B., & Paschou, P. (2021) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa321 · Cited by 20
North Pontic crossroads: Mobility in Ukraine from the Bronze Age to the early modern period
Saag, L., Utevska, O., Zadnikov, S., Shramko, I., Horbenko, K., Bandrivskyi, M., Pavliv, D., Викторович, Б. И., Grechko, D. S., Окатенко, В., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adr0695 · Cited by 21
Neolithic animal domestication as seen from ancient DNA
Scheu, A. (2017) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.02.009 · Cited by 21
Ancient DNA and its contribution to understanding the human history of the Pacific Islands
Bedford, S., Blust, R. A., Burley, D. V., Cox, M. P., Kirch, P. V., Matisoo-Smith, E. A., Næss, Å., Pawley, A., Sand, C., & Sheppard, P. J. (2018) · Archaeology in Oceania/Archæology & physical anthropology in Oceania · doi:10.1002/arco.5165 · Cited by 21
Transient vegetation degradation reinforced rapid climate change (RCC) events during the Holocene
Li, X., Liu, X., Pan, Z., Shi, Z., Xie, X., Ma, H., Zhai, J., Liu, H., Xie, X., & Dai, A. (2023) · npj Climate and Atmospheric Science · doi:10.1038/s41612-023-00457-5 · Cited by 19
Mobile Landscapes and Their Enduring Places
David, B., Delannoy, J., & Birkett-Rees, J. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009181594
Metadata
- Authors
- Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Mallick, S., Llamas, B., Brandt, G., Nordenfelt, S., Harney, E., Stewardson, K., Fu, Q., Mittnik, A., Bánffy, E., Economou, C., Francken, M., Friederich, S., Pena, R. G., Hallgren, F., Khartanovich, V., Khokhlov, A., Kunst, M., Kuznetsov, P., Meller, H., Mochalov, O., Moiseyev, V., Nicklisch, N., Pichler, S. L., Risch, R., Rojo Guerra, M. A., Roth, C., Szécsényi-Nagy, A., Wahl, J., Meyer, M., Krause, J., Brown, D., Anthony, D., Cooper, A., Alt, K. W., & Reich, D.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- ELTE Research Centre for the Humanities (HU)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (DE)
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Madrid (ES)
- Peter the Great's Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (RU)
- Danube Private University (AT)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (DE)
- Hartwick College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reich, David
- ORCID
- Haak, Wolfgang
- Lazaridis, Iosif
- Patterson, Nick
- Rohland, Nadin
- Mallick, Swapan
- Llamas, Bastien
- Brandt, Guido
- Fu, Qiaomei
- Mittnik, Alissa
- Bánffy, Eszter
- Francken, Michael
- Friederich, Susanne
- Hallgren, Fredrik
- Khokhlov, Aleksandr
- Kunst, Michael
- Kuznetsov, Pavel
- Meller, Harald
- Nicklisch, Nicole
- Pichler, Sandra L.
- Risch, Roberto
- Roth, Christina
- Wahl, Joachim
- Meyer, Matthias
- Krause, Johannes
- Brown, Dorcas
- Anthony, David
- Cooper, Alan
- Alt, Kurt Werner
- Reich, David
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-03-02
- Volume
- 522
- Issue
- 7555
- Pages
- 207-211
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5048219
- OpenAlex
- W2050876420
- Cited by
- 1,940
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 116 · 2025: 201 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 191 · 2021: 186 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 223 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 161 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 41
- FWCI
- 106.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1032255)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Al 287/10-1, 287/7-1, Al 287-7-1, /14-1, Me 3245/1-1)
- National Institutes of Health
- Australian Research Council (DP130102158)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG006399)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM100233, R01GM100233)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
- Keywords
- Indo-European origins, Eurasian steppe, ancient DNA, early farmers, hunter-gatherers, Bronze Age, population admixture, genetic ancestry, target enrichment sequencing, European prehistory, origin of language, Y-chromosome haplogroups, mtDNA haplogroups, Bronze Age collapse
- MeSH terms
- Cultural Evolution, Europe, Humans, Language, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Population Dynamics, Russia, Genome, Human, History, Ancient, Human Migration, Grassland
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
