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The ontogeny of fairness in seven societies
Abstract
A sense of fairness plays a critical role in supporting human cooperation. Adult norms of fair resource sharing vary widely across societies, suggesting that culture shapes the acquisition of fairness behaviour during childhood. Here we examine how fairness behaviour develops in children from seven diverse societies, testing children from 4 to 15 years of age (n = 866 pairs) in a standardized resource decision task. We measured two key aspects of fairness decisions: disadvantageous inequity aversion (peer receives more than self) and advantageous inequity aversion (self receives more than a peer). We show that disadvantageous inequity aversion emerged across all populations by middle childhood. By contrast, advantageous inequity aversion was more variable, emerging in three populations and only later in development. We discuss these findings in relation to questions about the universality and cultural specificity of human fairness.
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“For instance, [40] compared the acquisition of fairness behaviour in seven different societies: Canada, India, Mexico, Peru, Senegal, Uganda, and the USA, and found that while children from all cultures developed aversion towards disadvantageous inequity (avoid receiving less than a peer), advantageous inequity aversion (avoid receiving more than a peer) was more prevalent in the West.”
From Re-imagining Algorithmic Fairness in India and Beyond (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
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Kajanus, A., McAuliffe, K., Warneken, F., & Blake, P. R. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.08.012 · Cited by 38
Self-citationEmotion prediction as computation over a generative theory of mind
Houlihan, S. D., Max Kleiman-weiner, A., Hewitt, L., Tenenbaum, J. B., & Saxe, R. R. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2022.0047 · Cited by 44
“Disadvantageous inequity aversion (DIA), a preference not to end up worse off than others, is a powerful and culturally conserved social preference [99,100].”
BackgroundFive-Year-Old Preschoolers’ Sharing is Influenced by Anticipated Reciprocation
Xiong, M., Shi, J., Wu, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00460 · Cited by 37
“It would be interesting for future studies to investigate whether the level of children’s strategic sharing and its underlying mechanisms vary across cultures.”
BackgroundHow social status influences our understanding of others’ mental states
Rizzo, M. T., & Killen, M. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.12.008 · Cited by 39
Fair Topologies: Community Structures and Network Hubs Drive Emergence of Fairness Norms
Mosleh, M., & Heydari, B. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01876-0 · Cited by 36
Individual Differences in Theory of Mind Predict Inequity Aversion in Children
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Self-citationFair and Unfair Income Inequality
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Cultural evolutionary behavioural science in public policy
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Developmental asymmetries in learning to adjust to cooperative and uncooperative environments
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The Development of a Preference for Procedural Justice for Self and Others
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The Development of Theory of Mind and Positive and Negative Reciprocity in Preschool Children
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“A number of studies examining the development of preferences for fairness in children have used the UG (Takagishi et al., 2010, 2014; Blake and McAuliffe, 2011; Blake et al., 2015).”
“But he didn’t mean to do it”: Preschoolers correct punishments imposed on accidental transgressors
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“Prior work has found that not until children are at least 8 years old do they reject allocations that are advantageously unfair (e.g., Blake & McAuliffe 2011; Blake et al., 2015).”
BackgroundParental teaching behavior in diverse cultural contexts
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Early childhood investment impacts social decision-making four decades later
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“…societies have also been found to engage in costly enforcement of equality when they face a disadvantage relative to a peer, but cultural variation in fairness enforcement appears when children face an advantage over a peer, a relatively higher cost (Blake et al., 2015a; Corbit et al., 2017).”
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Normative foundations of reciprocity in preschoolers
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“Moreover, children negatively evaluate peers’ allocation decisions that produce a resource inequality (Cooley & Killen, 2015) and may even prefer to discard a resource rather than create an inequality between recipients (Blake et al., 2015; Shaw & Olson, 2012).”
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Behavioral Science and Education for Sustainable Development: Towards Metacognitive Competency
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“…also include an understanding of where social norms come from and why it is that social norms play such a strong role in the behaviors and cultures of our species [89], how social norms develop, spread, can change in a population [90], and how variable they are cross-culturally (e.g., [91–93]).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Blake, P. R., McAuliffe, K., Corbit, J., Callaghan, T. C., Barry, O., Bowie, A., Kleutsch, L., Kramer, K. L., Ross, E., Vongsachang, H., Wrangham, R., & Warneken, F.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Boston College (US)
- Simon Fraser University (CA)
- St. Francis Xavier University (CA)
- Cheikh Anta Diop University (SN)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blake, P. R.
- McAuliffe, K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2015-11-18
- Volume
- 528
- Issue
- 7581
- Pages
- 258-261
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2177707862
- Cited by
- 534
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 96.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- fairness, ontogeny, children, cultural variation, resource sharing, cooperation, developmental timing, cross-cultural comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Cooperative Behavior, Culture, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Male, Social Behavior, Social Change
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