The DOI matches its Crossref record; 133 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 99 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism
Open accessAbstract
It is widely accepted that obesity and associated metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, are intimately linked to diet. However, the gut microbiota has also become a focus for research at the intersection of diet and metabolic health. Mechanisms that link the gut microbiota with obesity are coming to light through a powerful combination of translation-focused animal models and studies in humans. A body of knowledge is accumulating that points to the gut microbiota as a mediator of dietary impact on the host metabolic status. Efforts are focusing on the establishment of causal relationships in people and the prospect of therapeutic interventions such as personalized nutrition.
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In the paper
“The altered microbiota that is observed in genetically obese mice11,12 is sufficient to promote increased adiposity in lean mice that receive a microbiota transplant12”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Ley, R. E. et al. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 11070–11075 (2005). source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Turnbaugh, P. J. et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444, 1027–1031 (2006). The first study to show that the microbiota from an obese mouse could confer increased weight gain to a germ-free recipient mouse. source
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In the paper
“Germ-free mice are protected from diet-induced obesity when fed a Western-style diet8–10”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Bäckhed, F., Manchester, J. K., Semenkovich, C. F. & Gordon, J. I. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 979–984 (2007). source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Rabot, S. et al. Germ-free C57BL/6J mice are resistant to high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance and have altered cholesterol metabolism. FASEB J. 24, 4948–4959 (2010).
- Not checked yetcites [10] Ding, S. et al. High-fat diet: bacteria interactions promote intestinal inflammation which precedes and correlates with obesity and insulin resistance in mouse. PLoS ONE 5, e12191 (2010). source
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In the paper
“The picture that is emerging suggests that obesity is associated with reduced diversity of the gut microbiota13,17.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Abstract
What the sources say
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In the paper
“long-term dietary habits are a dominant force in determining the composition of an individual’s gut microbiota”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Wu, G. D. et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334, 105–108 (2011). source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Muegge, B. D. et al. Diet drives convergence in gut microbiome functions across mammalian phylogeny and within humans. Science 332, 970–974 (2011). source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Koeth, R. A. et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature Med. 19, 576–585 (2013). source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Wu, G. D. et al. Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production. Gut 65, 63–72 (2016). source
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In the paper
“diet modulates the composition and function of this community of microbes in humans and other mammals18–25”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] David, L. A. et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505, 559–563 (2014). source
- Not checked yetcites [19] De Filippo, C. et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 14691–14696 (2010). The first of several studies to show that the gut microbiota of a traditional rural population is more diverse than and contains distinct taxa in comparison to the microbiotas of Western populations. source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Wu, G. D. et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334, 105–108 (2011). source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Cotillard, A. et al. Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness. Nature 500, 585–588 (2013). source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Kovatcheva-Datchary, P. et al. Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of Prevotella. Cell Metab. 22, 971–982 (2015). source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Walker, A. W. et al. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISME J. 5, 220–230 (2011). source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Ley, R. E. et al. Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. Science 320, 1647–1651 (2008). source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Muegge, B. D. et al. Diet drives convergence in gut microbiome functions across mammalian phylogeny and within humans. Science 332, 970–974 (2011). source
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In the paper
“reports of alterations in the gut microbiota of obese people4,13–15, which confer the obese or adiposity phenotypes when transferred to mice14,16”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Ridaura, V. K. et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science 341, 1241214 (2013). This study showed that a microbiota from a lean individual could invade the microbiota of an obese individual and provide protection from weight gain, but that the invasion and protection was dependent on diet. source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Tremaroli, V. et al. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty induce long-term changes on the human gut microbiome contributing to fat mass regulation. Cell Metab. 22, 228–238 (2015). source
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In the paper
“the composition and function of the microbiota shifted over 1–2 days18,20,23”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] David, L. A. et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505, 559–563 (2014). source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Wu, G. D. et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334, 105–108 (2011). source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Walker, A. W. et al. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISME J. 5, 220–230 (2011). source
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In the paper
“A body of knowledge is accumulating that points to the gut microbiota as a mediator of dietary impact on the host metabolic status.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Abstract
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In the paper
“the time that would be required to perform these steps is probably not compatible with the rapid transit that occurs in the small intestine”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Fuel for the microbial ecosystem
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In the paper
“mice that harbour microbiotas with low production of trimethylamine (TMA) could be converted into high producers when their diet was supplemented with the TMA-containing compound L-carnitine for 10 weeks27.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Koeth, R. A. et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature Med. 19, 576–585 (2013). source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“germ-free mice, which lack a microbiota, have reduced adiposity and improved tolerance to glucose and insulin when compared with conventional (colonized) counterparts7”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Bäckhed, F. et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15718–15723 (2004). source
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In the paper
“Ruminococcus bromii-related taxa bloomed in response to resistant-starch intervention in most of the 14 obese men in one study; the lack of response in the other individuals might reflect an absence of such taxa in those people23.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Walker, A. W. et al. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISME J. 5, 220–230 (2011). source
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In the paper
“The presence of the microbiota is both necessary and sufficient for obesity: the transfer of microbiota from mice fed a Western diet to germ-free mice transfers the obese phenotype43.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Turnbaugh, P. J., Bäckhed, F., Fulton, L. & Gordon, J. I. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 3, 213–223 (2008). source
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In the paper
“people who eat large quantities of plants, the main source of dietary fibre38, such as those in certain African communities that consume up to sevenfold more fibre than people the industrialized world39, might generate considerably more short-chain fatty acids, which therefore probably contribute more to the whole-body energy requirement.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Bergman, E. N. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species. Physiol. Rev. 70, 567–590 (1990). source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Bingham, S. & Cummings, J. H. in Medical Aspects of Dietary Fiber (eds Spiller, G. A. & Kay, R. M.) 261–2884 (Plenum, 1980). source
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In the paper
“The microbiota of mice suppress the expression of intestinal angiopoietin-like protein 4, an inhibitor of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which increases lipoprotein-lipase activity in adipose tissue and promotes the storage of fat7.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Bäckhed, F. et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15718–15723 (2004). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“industrialization has been accompanied by an overall decline in gut microbiota biodiversity as well as the loss of specific phylogenetic groups — a potential consequence of modern lifestyles, medical practices and processed foods.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Microbial ecology in metabolic disease
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In the paper
“Saturated and unsaturated fats have profoundly different effects on the gut microbiota, and the altered microbiota that results from feeding unsaturated fats can offer protection from lard-induced weight gain44.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Caesar, R., Tremaroli, V., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Cani, P. D. & Backhed, F. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and dietary lipids aggravates WAT inflammation through TLR signaling. Cell Metab. 22, 658–668 (2015). source
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In the paper
“germ-free mice have a reduced adiposity despite an increased intake of food by comparison with their colonized counterparts7, which demonstrates that the microbiota helps to extract energy from food.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Bäckhed, F. et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 15718–15723 (2004). source
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In the paper
“a high level of biodiversity does not always correspond to a health-promoting ecosystem: for example, bacterial vaginosis is characterized by a diversity greater than that observed in a healthy state59.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Microbial ecology in metabolic disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Srinivasan, S. et al. Bacterial communities in women with bacterial vaginosis: high resolution phylogenetic analyses reveal relationships of microbiota to clinical criteria. PLoS ONE 7, e37818 (2012). source
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In the paper
“a microbiota-encoded degradation system for porphyran, a polysaccharide that is found in certain species of edible seaweed, is rare in the microbiotas of Western people but prominent in those of populations that regularly consume seaweed29.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Diet as an important modulator of the gut microbiota
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Hehemann, J. H. et al. Transfer of carbohydrate-active enzymes from marine bacteria to Japanese gut microbiota. Nature 464, 908–912 (2010). source
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In the paper
“An inhibitor of TMA lyase that stops the microbial synthesis of TMA and therefore reduces the levels of circulating TMAO prevents the development of atherosclerosis in mice121.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Perspective
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Wang, Z. et al. Non-lethal inhibition of gut microbial trimethylamine production for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Cell 163, 1585–1595 (2015). The first example of inhibiting microbial enzymes (or 'drugging the bug') to prevent atherosclerosis. source
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In the paper
“However, when compared with microbiome profiles and with measurements of metabolism and behaviour, using a machine-learning approach, the response of an individual to a given food could be predicted — even in an independent cohort.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Dietary interventions and diet-based therapeutics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Zeevi, D. et al. Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell 163, 1079–1094 (2015). This study used a machine-learning approach to mine personal health profiles that included microbiome data to predict the postprandial glycaemic response. source
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In the paper
“The majority of studies in humans and mice rely on faecal samples, which provide some representation of what is occurring throughout the digestive tract”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Perspective
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Lichtman, J. S. et al. The effect of microbial colonization on the host proteome varies by gastrointestinal location. ISME J. 10, 1170–1181 (2016). source
- Not checked yetcites [120] Turnbaugh, P. J. et al. The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: a metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Sci. Transl. Med. 1, 6ra14 (2009). source
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In the paper
“One study used continuous blood-glucose monitoring to follow postprandial glycaemic responses in 800 people114.”
- Also stated in: § Dietary interventions and diet-based therapeutics · plain
“The responses of individuals to particular foods were highly variable.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Dietary interventions and diet-based therapeutics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Zeevi, D. et al. Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell 163, 1079–1094 (2015). This study used a machine-learning approach to mine personal health profiles that included microbiome data to predict the postprandial glycaemic response. source
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- Also stated in: § Dietary interventions and diet-based therapeutics · plain
In the paper
“when the mice are fed a peanut-based, ‘ready-to-use’ therapeutic food, their weight transiently increases and their microbiota normalize115.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Perspective
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] Smith, M. I. et al. Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor. Science 339, 548–554 (2013). source
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In the paper
“In one-such study, transplantation of the microbiota from obese individuals to germ-free mice transfers the obese phenotype, as determined by increased weight gain, whereas administration of Christensenella minuta prevents weight gain15.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Perspective
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Goodrich, J. K. et al. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome. Cell 159, 789–799 (2014). source
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In the paper
“which subsequently induces the production of the proteins serum amyloid A1 and serum amyloid A2 from the epithelium in a paracrine fashion — a process that is required for the activation of TH17 cells in the ileum113.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Inflammation and diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Sano, T. et al. An IL-23R/IL-22 circuit regulates epithelial serum amyloid A to promote local effector Th17 responses. Cell 163, 381–393 (2015). source
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In the paper
“Prevotella could also improve the glucose metabolism of mice that were fed carbohydrate-rich diets but not a high-fat diet that was devoid of fermentable polysaccharides.”
- Also stated in: § Perspective · hedged
“supplementation with Prevotella produces an improved tolerance to glucose only when mice are fed a standard diet that is rich in fibre, and not a Western-style diet, which is devoid of fibre22.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Dietary interventions and diet-based therapeutics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Kovatcheva-Datchary, P. et al. Dietary fiber-induced improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with increased abundance of Prevotella. Cell Metab. 22, 971–982 (2015). source
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- Also stated in: § Perspective · hedged
In the paper
“the microbiota of obese individuals had an increased abundance of genes that are involved in biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids, which are associated with impaired sensitivity to insulin14.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Perspective
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Ridaura, V. K. et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science 341, 1241214 (2013). This study showed that a microbiota from a lean individual could invade the microbiota of an obese individual and provide protection from weight gain, but that the invasion and protection was dependent on diet. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a multigenerational study in mice, the consumption of a Western-style diet exacerbated the loss of microbiota diversity compared with a diet that was rich in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates, and the extinction of taxa corresponded with a predicted loss in diversity of glycoside hydrolases63.”
§ Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism > Fuel for the microbial ecosystem
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Sonnenburg, E. D. et al. Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations. Nature 529, 212–215 (2016). source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from animal models about microbiota and metabolism are relevant to human metabolic health.
“Mechanisms that link the gut microbiota with obesity are coming to light through a powerful combination of translation-focused animal models and studies in humans.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The gut microbiota is a powerful means of influencing human health.
“The gut microbiota provides a powerful route to influencing human health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diet, especially polysaccharides, primarily controls the composition and function of the gut microbiota.
“Diet and, in particular, polysaccharides serve as primary modulators of the composition and function of the microbiota.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Microbial metabolites likely mediate host metabolism and may be beneficial or harmful.
“Microbial metabolites probably act as mediators for the host metabolism and can be either beneficial (for example, butyrate) or detrimental (TMAO).”
The paper relies on this without support.
A single metabolite is unlikely to be solely responsible for promoting or preventing metabolic diseases.
“it is unlikely that one metabolite acts alone to promote or prevent metabolic diseases.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“Within 24–48 h of a dietary intervention rapid changes are thought to be made to the microbial composition on a species and family level (but not phyla) [17].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Emerging evidence has shown associations of gut microbiota with obesity.48, 49, 50, 51”
From Gut Microbiota Metabolites and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Disease Events and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Prospective Studies (2017) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“the microbiota extracts energy from dietary components that are not digested by the host and converts that energy to nutrients the host can absorb, thereby altering the overall energy balance of the host.”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Sonnenburg and Bäckhed, 2016
In the citing paper
“Second, microbiota-derived LPS has been suggested to traverse the mucosal barrier of the intestine on chylomicrons, lipoprotein complexes that transport long-chain fatty acids from the gut lumen to the lymph and blood (Ghoshal et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2014; Sonnenburg and Bäckhed, 2016).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Sonnenburg and Bäckhed, 2016
In the citing paper
“Beyond these general mechanisms, the gut microbiome affects atherogenesis more specifically through its degradation of phosphatidylcholine, which is abundant in eggs, cheese, seafood and red meat (Jonsson and Bäckhed, 2017; Sharon et al., 2014; Sonnenburg and Bäckhed, 2016).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Sonnenburg and Bäckhed, 2016
In the citing paper
“The gut microbiota is a central regulator of host metabolism.”
From Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Obesity and associated metabolic perturbations primarily have been reflected by altered diversity of the microbiota [73], [74]”
From Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals (2016) · cites this paper as [73]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sonnenburg, J. L., & Bäckhed, F.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Sonnenburg, Justin L.
- Bäckhed, Fredrik
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2016-07-06
- Volume
- 535
- Issue
- 7610
- Pages
- 56-64
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5991619
- OpenAlex
- W2465534016
- Cited by
- 2,257
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 191 · 2025: 203 · 2024: 234 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 287 · 2021: 286 · 2020: 242 · 2019: 200 · 2018: 204 · 2017: 166 · 2016: 24
- FWCI
- 17.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF13OC0008163)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK085025)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic disorders, host metabolism, animal models, causal relationship, personalized nutrition, therapeutic interventions
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diet, Fatty Acids, Humans, Inflammation, Metabolic Diseases, Metabolism, Obesity, Signal Transduction, Precision Medicine
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