Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1
Open accessAbstract
One aim of modern astronomy is to detect temperate, Earth-like exoplanets that are well suited for atmospheric characterization. Recently, three Earth-sized planets were detected that transit (that is, pass in front of) a star with a mass just eight per cent that of the Sun, located 12 parsecs away. The transiting configuration of these planets, combined with the Jupiter-like size of their host star-named TRAPPIST-1-makes possible in-depth studies of their atmospheric properties with present-day and future astronomical facilities. Here we report the results of a photometric monitoring campaign of that star from the ground and space. Our observations reveal that at least seven planets with sizes and masses similar to those of Earth revolve around TRAPPIST-1. The six inner planets form a near-resonant chain, such that their orbital periods (1.51, 2.42, 4.04, 6.06, 9.1 and 12.35 days) are near-ratios of small integers. This architecture suggests that the planets formed farther from the star and migrated inwards. Moreover, the seven planets have equilibrium temperatures low enough to make possible the presence of liquid water on their surfaces.
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Better understanding the impact of environmental limitations on the origin and early evolution of life, such as UV flux, can help determine the habitability of planetary bodies outside our solar system, such as planets around stars with high UV fluxes.
“Better understanding the impact of environmental limitations on the origin and early evolution of life, such as UV flux, can help determine the habitability of planetary bodies that are even outside our own solar system, such as planets around stars with high UV fluxes, e.g., the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017;O'Malley-James and Kaltenegger 2017).”
From Environmental Adaptation from the Origin of Life to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (2018) · cites this paper as Gillon et al. 2017
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BackgroundSelf-citationA temperate rocky super-Earth transiting a nearby cool star
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Stellar Flares from the First TESS Data Release: Exploring a New Sample of M Dwarfs
Günther, M. N., Zhan, Z., Seager, S., Rimmer, P. B., Ranjan, S., Stassun, K. G., Oelkers, R. J., Daylan, T., Newton, E. R., Kristiansen, M. H., et al. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab5d3a · Cited by 343 · see citing works
“For example, we know three exoEarths in the ‘liquid-water habitable zone’1 of the red dwarf TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2017), one around LHS 1140b (Dittmann et al. 2017), and one around Proxima Centauri (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016).”
BackgroundThe nature of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets.
Grimm, S., Demory, B., Gillon, M., Dorn, C., Agol, E., Burdanov, A., Delrez, L., Sestovic, M., Triaud, A., Turbet, M., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732233 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“Planetary masses published in the TRAPPIST-1 discovery paper (Gillon et al. 2017) were bearing conservative uncertainties because the different techniques used by the authors suggested a non-monotonous parameter space with the absence of a single global minimum.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAgol, E., Dorn, C., Grimm, S. L., Turbet, M., Ducrot, E., Delrez, L., Gillon, M., Demory, B.-O., Burdanov, A., Barkaoui, K., et al. (2021) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abd022 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
“Additional information may be found in Gillon et al. (2016) for WHT and TRAPPIST, in Ducrot et al. (2018) for SSO and LT, and in Gillon et al. (2017) and Burdanov et al. (2019) for AAT, UKIRT and VLT.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationExoplanet Biosignatures: Understanding Oxygen as a Biosignature in the Context of Its Environment
Meadows, V., Reinhard, C. T., Arney, G., Parenteau, M. N., Schwieterman, E. W., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Lincowski, A., Stapelfeldt, K. R., Rauer, H., DasSarma, S., et al. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1727 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
A Revised Exoplanet Yield from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
Barclay, T., Pepper, J. A., & Quintana, E. V. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aae3e9 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
“These planets, along with those orbiting TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2017) and other low-mass stars (Greene et al. 2016; Kreidberg & Loeb 2016; Morley et al. 2017; Louie et al. 2018), will form a reference sample of temperate worlds for observation by JWST.”
BackgroundThe Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS)
Wheatley, P. J., West, R. G., Goad, M. R., Jenkins, J. S., Pollacco, D., Queloz, D. P., Rauer, H., Udry, S., Watson, C. A., Chazelas, B., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2836 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citationObserving the Atmospheres of Known Temperate Earth-sized Planets with JWST
Morley, C., Kreidberg, L., Rustamkulov, Z., Robinson, T., & Fortney, J. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa927b · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“We take the majority of properties used to model these nine planets from the discovery papers (Berta-Thompson et al. 2015; Dittmann et al. 2017; Gillon et al. 2017), including planetary radii, stellar radii and temperatures, and orbital distance.”
BackgroundMethodA giant planet undergoing extreme-ultraviolet irradiation by its hot massive-star host
Gaudi, B. S., Stassun, K. G., Collins, K. A., Beatty, T. G., Zhou, G., Latham, D. W., Bieryla, A., Eastman, J. D., Siverd, R. J., Crepp, J. R., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22392 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Revisited mass-radius relations for exoplanets below 120 M ⊕
Otegi, J. F., Bouchy, F., & Helled, R. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936482 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Optimized transit detection algorithm to search for periodic transits of small planets
Hippke, M., & Heller, R. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834672 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“The well-studied TRAPPIST-1 system exhibits transits of seven terrestrial planets (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017) in a resonant chain, where the orbital periods are near-ratios of small integers (Luger et al. 2017).”
BackgroundStellar Flares from the First TESS Data Release: Exploring a New Sample of M Dwarfs
Günther, M. N., Zhan, Z., Seager, S., Rimmer, P. B., Ranjan, S., Stassun, K. G., Oelkers, R. J., Daylan, T., Newton, E. R., Kristiansen, M. H., et al. (2020) · Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) · Cited by 258 · see citing works
The Detectability and Characterization of the TRAPPIST-1 Exoplanet Atmospheres with JWST
Lustig‐Yaeger, J., Meadows, V. S., & Lincowski, A. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab21e0 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“Morley et al. (2017) used masses from Wang et al. (2017), with the exception of TRAPPIST-1f, for which the mass from Gillon et al. (2017) was used.”
BackgroundMethodImpact of space weather on climate and habitability of terrestrial-type exoplanets
Airapetian, V. S., Barnes, R., Cohen, O., Collinson, G. A., Danchi, W. C., Dong, C., C, A. D. D. G., France, K., Garcia-Sage, K., Glocer, A., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550419000132 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“Hence, taken collectively, this may suggest that TRAPPIST-1h ought to be most ‘habitable’ planet amongst them, when viewed purely from the perspective of the specified mechanism of atmospheric loss, while XUV-driven ion escape has not been consistently modelled in this study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThermal emission from the Earth-sized exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b using JWST
Greene, T. P., Bell, T. J., Ducrot, E., Dyrek, A., Lagage, P.-O., & Fortney, J. J. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05951-7 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
How to Characterize Habitable Worlds and Signs of Life
Kaltenegger, L. (2017) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122238 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Tilley, M. A., Segura, A., Meadows, V., Hawley, S., & Davenport, J. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1794 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“The model uses the parameterization proposed by Giorgi and Chameides (1985) to calculate the removal of the soluble species.”
Zahnle, K. J., & Catling, D. C. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7846 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Atmospheric reconnaissance of the habitable-zone Earth-sized planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1
de Wit, J., Wakeford, H. R., Lewis, N. K., Delrez, L., Gillon, M., Selsis, F., Leconte, J., Demory, B.-O., Bolmont, É., Bourrier, V., et al. (2018) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0374-z · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“We therefore use the physically-relevant following ramp model: Fobs(t) F (t) = rv(t)ro(t), (1) where rv(t) is the ramp induced by the progressive stabilization of the charge-trapping, rv(t) = (1 + a1e − t a2 ), (2) ro(t), is the ramp induced by the charge-trapping effect (i.”
MethodSelf-citationOrganic and perovskite solar cells for space applications
Cardinaletti, I., Vangerven, T., Nagels, S., Cornelissen, R., Schreurs, D., Hrubý, J., Vodnik, J., Devisscher, D., Kesters, J., D’Haen, J., et al. (2018) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2018.03.024 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
A resonant chain of four transiting, sub-Neptune planets
Mills, S. M., Fabrycky, D. C., Migaszewski, C., Ford, E. B., Petigura, E. A., & Isaacson, H. T. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17445 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Framework for Their Assessment
Catling, D. C., Krissansen-Totton, J., Kiang, N. Y., Crisp, D., Robinson, T. D., DasSarma, S., Rushby, A. J., Del Genio, A., Bains, W., & Domagal-Goldman, S. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1737 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Why do protoplanetary disks appear not massive enough to form the known exoplanet population?
Manara, C. F., Morbidelli, A., & Guillot, T. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834076 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“3, the heavy element content in exoplanetary systems can be as high as ∼2–3 MJ for solar mass stars, and 0.02 MJ , about 6.4 M⊕, around brown dwarfs (e.g., the TRAPPIST1 system, Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialNo thick carbon dioxide atmosphere on the rocky exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c
Zieba, S., Kreidberg, L., Ducrot, E., Gillon, M., Morley, C. V., Schaefer, L., Tamburo, P., Koll, D. D. B., Lyu, X., Acuña, L., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06232-z · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“rocky exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 c Sebastian Zieba1,2 ✉, Laura Kreidberg1, Elsa Ducrot3, Michaël Gillon4, Caroline Morley5, Laura Schaefer6, Patrick Tamburo7,8, Daniel D. B. Koll9, Xintong Lyu9, Lorena Acuña1,10, Eric Agol11,12, Aishwarya R. Iyer13, Renyu Hu14,15, Andrew P. Lincowski11,12, Victoria S. Meadows11,12, Franck S…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS)
Burn, R., Schlecker, M., Mordasini, C., Emsenhuber, A., Alibert, Y., Henning, T. K., Klahr, H. H., & Benz, W. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140390 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Assessing the Habitability of the TRAPPIST-1 System Using a 3D Climate Model
Wolf, E. T. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa693a · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“Gillon et al. (2017) suggest that the seven TRAPPIST-1 planets may be “temperate” because all have equilibrium temperatures below ∼400 K.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLarge Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE)
Quanz, S. P., Ottiger, M., Fontanet, E., Kammerer, J., Menti, F., Dannert, F., Gheorghe, A., Absil, O., Airapetian, V., Alei, E., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140366 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Atmospheric escape from the TRAPPIST-1 planets and implications for habitability
Dong, C., Jin, M., Lingam, M., Airapetian, V., Ma, Y., & van der Holst, B. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1708010115 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“Finally, this field has witnessed two remarkable advances within the last year: the discovery of Proxima b (8) and the seven Earth-sized planets transiting the ultracool dwarf TRAPPIST-1 (9, 10).”
BackgroundKopparapu, R., Wolf, E. T., Arney, G., Batalha, N. E., Haqq-Misra, J. D., Grimm, S. L., & Heng, K. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7cf9 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“…of terrestrial planets in the habitable zone (HZ) by both the Kepler mission and ground-based surveys (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016; Kane et al. 2016; Gillon et al. 2017) have shown that potentially habitable planets are common in our Galaxy (Petigura et al. 2013; Foreman-Mackey et al. 2014;…”
BackgroundModeling climate diversity, tidal dynamics and the fate of volatiles on TRAPPIST-1 planets
Turbet, M., Bolmont, É., Leconte, J., Forget, F., Selsis, F., Tobie, G., Caldas, A., Naar, J., & Gillon, M. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731620 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“All simulations were performed assuming a circular orbit, a choice motivated by the small value of the maximum eccentricities derived from the stability of the system (Gillon et al. 2017; Luger et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationOptimized transit detection algorithm to search for periodic transits of small planets
Hippke, M., & Heller, R. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834672/pdf · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Six transiting planets and a chain of Laplace resonances in TOI-178
Leleu, A., Alibert, Y., Hara, N., Hooton, M. J., Wilson, T. G., Robutel, P., Delisle, J.-B., Laskar, J., Hoyer, S., Lovis, C., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039767 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationFrequent Flaring in the TRAPPIST-1 System—Unsuited for Life?
Vida, K., Kővári, Z., Pál, A., Oláh, K., & Kriskovics, L. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6f05 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“TRAPPIST-1 (2MASS J23062928-0502285) is an ultracool, M8-type dwarf, which is known to host seven terrestrial planets, with three of them having equilibrium temperatures that makes the existence of liquid water on their surface possible (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialFormation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration
Izidoro, A., Bitsch, B., Raymond, S. N., Johansen, A., Morbidelli, A., Lambrechts, M., & Jacobson, S. A. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935336 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationRevealing the Mysteries of Venus: The DAVINCI Mission
Garvin, J. B., Getty, S., Arney, G., Johnson, N. M., Köhler, E., Schwer, K., Sekerak, M. J., Bartels, A. E., Saylor, R. S., Elliott, V., et al. (2022) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/ac63c2 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“…class of terrestrial worlds for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST; Kane et al. 2014, 2019), measurements at Venus may provide ground truth to guide and constrain interpretations of these distant worlds, as discussed in Section 3 (Gillon et al. 2017; Lincowski et al. 2018; Arney & Kane 2020).”
BackgroundSPIRou: NIR velocimetry and spectropolarimetry at the CFHT
Donati, J. ‐., Kouach, D., Moutou, C., Doyon, R., Delfosse, X., Artigau, É., Baratchart, S., Lacombe, M., Barrick, G., Hébrard, G., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2569 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Lim, O., Benneke, B., Doyon, R., MacDonald, R. J., Piaulet, C., Artigau, É., Coulombe, L.-P., Radica, M., L’Heureux, A., Albert, L., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acf7c4 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The origin of RNA precursors on exoplanets
Rimmer, P. B., Xu, J., Thompson, S. J., Gillen, E., Sutherland, J. D., & Queloz, D. P. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar3302 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy do protoplanetary disks appear not massive enough to form the known exoplanet population?
Manara, C. F. (2018) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.1488948 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Disequilibrium biosignatures over Earth history and implications for detecting exoplanet life
Krissansen-Totton, J., Olson, S., & Catling, D. C. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao5747 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Reflections on O <sub>2</sub> as a Biosignature in Exoplanetary Atmospheres
Meadows, V. S. (2017) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2016.1578 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Kepler Planet Occurrence Rates for Mid-type M Dwarfs as a Function of Spectral Type
Hardegree-Ullman, K. K., Cushing, M. C., Muirhead, P. S., & Christiansen, J. L. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab21d2 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“The discovery of seven Earthsized planets around the M8 V star TRAPPIST-1 shows that planet formation occurs through the end of the main sequence (Gillon et al. 2017) and supports both the increase in planet occurrence rates toward later spectral types and the large planet multiplicity from Ballard…”
BackgroundFormation of TRAPPIST-1 and other compact systems
Ormel, C. W., Liu, B., & Schoonenberg, D. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730826 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Exoplanet Biosignatures: Observational Prospects
Fujii, Y., Angerhausen, D., Deitrick, R., Domagal-Goldman, S., Grenfell, J. L., Hori, Y., Kane, S. R., Pallé, E., Rauer, H., Siegler, N., et al. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1733 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs
Cifuentes, C., Caballero, J. A., Cortés‐Contreras, M., Montes, D., Abellán, F. J., Dorda, R., Holgado, G., Osorio, M. R. Z., Morales, J. C., Amado, P. J., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038295 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Rauer, H., Aerts, C., Cabrera, J., Deleuil, M., Erikson, A., Gizon, L., Goupil, M.-J., Heras, A., Walloschek, T., Alvarez, J. L., et al. (2025) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-025-09985-9 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Evolved Climates and Observational Discriminants for the TRAPPIST-1 Planetary System
Lincowski, A., Meadows, V. S., Crisp, D., Robinson, T. D., Luger, R., Lustig‐Yaeger, J., & Arney, G. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae36a · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Here we adopt the current best-fit orbital periods,radii, and masses of the TRAPPIST-1 planets (see Table 1 and Gillon et al. 2016, 2017; Luger et al. 2017b; Grimm et al. 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHabitability and Biosignatures of Hycean Worlds
Madhusudhan, N., Piette, A. A. A., & Constantinou, S. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfd9c · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs
Sabotta, S., Schlecker, M., Chaturvedi, P., Guenther, E. W., Rodríguez, I. M., Muñoz-Sánchez, J. C., Caballero, J. A., Shan, Y., Reffert, S., Ribas, I., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140968 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Trifonov, T., Kürster, M., Zechmeister, M., Tal-Or, L., Caballero, J., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Reffert, S., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731442 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Indeed, the recent discoveries of planets in the habitable zone around Proxima Centauri (AngladaEscudé et al. 2016) and LHS 1140 (Dittmann et al. 2017), and the multiple planet system around the ultra-cool M-dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2017) provide strong evidence for an enormous population of potentially ha…”
BackgroundKochukhov, O. (2020) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-020-00130-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs
Zechmeister, M., Dreizler, S., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., Bauer, F. F., Béjar, V. J. S., González-Cuesta, L., Herrero, E., Lalitha, S., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935460 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“0 V), which hosts seven transiting planets and is located at a distance of 12.0 ± 0.4 pc (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialAtmospheric Escape Processes and Planetary Atmospheric Evolution
Gronoff, G., Arras, P., Baraka, S., Bell, J. M., Cessateur, G., Cohen, O., Curry, S. M., Drake, J. J., Elrod, M. K., Erwin, J. T., et al. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics · doi:10.1029/2019ja027639 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The Nature and Origins of Sub‐Neptune Size Planets
Bean, J. L., Raymond, S. N., & Owen, J. E. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2020je006639 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Formation of TRAPPIST-1 and other compact systems.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHidden Water in Magma Ocean Exoplanets
Dorn, C., & Lichtenberg, T. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac33af · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Trappist-1 planets The Trappist-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017) hosts a fascinating chain of small and cool planets.”
BackgroundRanjan, S., Wordsworth, R., & Sasselov, D. D. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa773e · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“In sum, it is unclear whether UV-dependent prebiotic pathways that may have been important to the origin of life on Earth can proceed in the low-UV environment on planets orbiting Mdwarfs, such as the recently discovered habitable-zone planets Proxima Centauri b (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016), LHS 1140b (Dittmann et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialFauchez, T. J., Turbet, M., Villanueva, G. L., Wolf, E. T., Arney, G., Kopparapu, R., Lincowski, A., Mandell, A. M., de Wit, J., Pidhorodetska, D., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5862 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Among the most famous of them are Kepler186f (Quintana et al. 2014), Proxima Centauri b (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016), GJ 1132b (BertaThompson et al. 2015), Ross 128b (Bonfils et al. 2018) and the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2016, 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationKrissansen-Totton, J., Garland, R., Irwin, P., & Catling, D. C. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aad564 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Barstow & Irwin (2016) applied these calculations specifically to the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017) and found that for modern-Earth-like atmospheres 30–60 transits would be necessary to reliably detect Earth-like O3 levels on 1b, 1c, and 1d.”
Flare Statistics for Young Stars from a Convolutional Neural Network Analysis of TESS Data
Feinstein, A. D., Montet, B. T., Ansdell, M., Nord, B., Bean, J. L., Günther, M. N., Gully-Santiago, M. A., & Schlieder, J. E. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abac0a · Cited by 143 · see citing works
A seven-planet resonant chain in TRAPPIST-1
Luger, R., Sestovic, M., Kruse, E., Grimm, S. L., Demory, B.-O., Agol, E., Bolmont, É., Fabrycky, D. C., Fernandes, C. S., Grootel, V. V., et al. (2017) · doi:10.7892/boris.113578 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Habitability of Proxima Centauri b: Environmental States and Observational Discriminants
Meadows, V. S., Arney, G., Schwieterman, E. W., Lustig‐Yaeger, J., Lincowski, A., Robinson, T., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Deitrick, R., Barnes, R. K., Fleming, D. P., et al. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2016.1589 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“We therefore present transit transmission spectra of our simulated atmospheres, which may be relevant to transiting habitable zone planets orbiting other M dwarfs, including the recently discovered TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al., 2016, 2017) and especially TRAPPIST-1e, which occupies a similar position in its habita…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExoplanet Biosignatures: Observational Prospects
Fujii, Y., Angerhausen, D., Deitrick, R., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Grenfell, J. L., Hori, Y., Kane, S. R., Πάλλη, Ε., Rauer, H., Siegler, N., et al. (2018) · doi:10.7892/boris.126822 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Lee, E. J., & Chiang, E. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6fb3 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“…et al. 2015; Ansdell et al. 2016; Bodman et al. 2016).2 Rotation periods P? of stars 1–40 Myr old, displayed in Figure 2, range from 0.2 to 20 days, squarely in the range occupied by 1 The Trappist-1 planetary system (Gillon et al. 2017, and references therein) is hosted by a late M dwarf.”
BackgroundInfluentialInward migration of the TRAPPIST-1 planets as inferred from their water-rich compositions
Unterborn, C. T., Desch, S. J., Hinkel, N. R., & Lorenzo, A. (2018) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0411-6 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Ultra-wideband Detection of 22 Coherent Radio Bursts on M Dwarfs
Villadsen, J., & Hallinan, G. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf88e · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“…statistics, many of the nearest habitable-zone Earth-size planets should be found around M dwarfs (Dressing & Charbonneau 2015), a prediction borne out by the planet detections around Proxima Cen (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016), TRAPPIST-1 (Gillon et al. 2017), and Ross 128 (Bonfils et al. 2017).”
BackgroundOn the Age of the TRAPPIST-1 System
Burgasser, A. J., & Mamajek, E. E. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7fea · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“On the other hand, current estimates of the planets’ densities are generally below Earth’s average density (Gillon et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017), suggesting volatile-rich worlds that may have ample reservoirs; while ocean evaporation and hydrogen loss could result in an oxygen- and ozone-rich…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationThe L 98-59 System: Three Transiting, Terrestrial-size Planets Orbiting a Nearby M Dwarf
Kostov, V. B., Schlieder, J. E., Barclay, T., Quintana, E. V., Colón, K. D., Brande, J., Collins, K. A., Feinstein, A. D., Hadden, S., Kane, S. R., et al. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab2459 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“A chain of small terrestrial-sized planets is common among M-dwarfs (Muirhead et al. 2015), and L 98-59 is reminiscent of other systems such as the TRAPPIST-1, Kepler-186 and Kepler-296 (Gillon et al. 2017; Barclay et al. 2015; Quintana et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOn the Magnetic Protection of the Atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b
Garcia‐Sage, K., Glocer, A., Drake, J. J., Gronoff, G., & Cohen, O. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa7eca · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Kirkpatrick, J., Martin, E., Smart, R., Cayago, A. J., Beichman, C., Marocco, F., Gelino, C., Faherty, J., Cushing, M., Schneider, A., et al. (2018) · Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aaf6af · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Interior and Atmosphere of the Habitable-zone Exoplanet K2-18b
Madhusudhan, N., Nixon, M. C., Welbanks, L., Piette, A. A. A., & Booth, R. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab7229 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“This ‘smallstar opportunity’ has led to several detections of lowmass planets (< 10M⊕) in the habitable-zones of M Dwarf hosts such as Trappist-1 (Gillon et al. 2017), Proxima Centauri (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016), K2-18 (Montet et al. 2015; Foreman-Mackey et al. 2015), and LHS 1140 (Dittmann et al. 2017).”
BackgroundLuque, R., Pallé, E., Kossakowski, D., Dreizler, S., Kemmer, J., Espinoza, N., Burt, J., Anglada-Escudé, G., Béjar, V. J. S., Caballero, J. A., et al. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935801 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“When transit timing variation (TTV) mass measurements are included, TRAPPIST-1 (2MUCD 12171, Gillon et al. 2017) represents the 12th M dwarf planet system with mass and radius measurements.”
BackgroundInfluentialJohnson, S. A., Penny, M. T., Gaudi, B. S., Kerins, E. J., Rattenbury, N. J., Robin, A. C., Novati, S. C., & Henderson, C. B. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aba75b · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Strange system architectures and planet hosts add even more variety, including planets in tightly packed systems (Gillon et al. 2017), planets orbiting both stars of a binary system (Doyle et al. 2011), planetary systems orbiting pulsars (Wolszczan & Frail 1992), and planetary systems orbiting…”
BackgroundHabitable Climate Scenarios for Proxima Centauri b with a Dynamic Ocean
C, A. D. D. G., Way, M. J., Amundsen, D. S., Aleinov, I., Kelley, M., Kiang, N. Y.-L., & Clune, T. L. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1760 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Haqq-Misra, J. D., Wolf, E. T., Joshi, M., Zhang, X., & Kopparapu, R. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9f1f · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“…discoveries of Proxima Centauri b around our closest stellar neighbor (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2017) and the seven planets of the TRAPPIST-1 system (Gillon et al. 2017) indicate that Mdwarfs can harbor terrestrial plants within their liquid water habitable zones (Kasting et al. 1993; Selsis et…”
BackgroundEquation of state of iron under core conditions of large rocky exoplanets
Smith, R. F., Fratanduono, D. E., Braun, D. G., Duffy, T. S., Wicks, J. K., Celliers, P. M., Ali, S. J., Fernandez-Pañella, A., Kraus, R. G., Swift, D. C., et al. (2018) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0437-9 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“In equation (6), βe is proportional to the density of electrons at the Fermi level, and γe (the electronic Grüneisen parameter) describes the volume dependence for the density of states.”
BackgroundUniform Atmospheric Retrieval Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs. II. Properties of 11 T dwarfs
Line, M. R., Marley, M. S., Liu, M. C., Burningham, B., Morley, C. V., Hinkel, N. R., Teske, J. K., Fortney, J. J., Freedman, R., & Lupu, R. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7ff0 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“…expect that in the not too distant future, brown dwarf elemental abundances determinations will become increasingly more important for planet formation theories, especially in light of the recently discov- ered TRAPPIST-1 planetary system (Gillon et al. 2016; 2017), hosted by a late M-dwarf.”
BackgroundThe scatter of the M dwarf mass–radius relationship
Parsons, S. G., Gänsicke, B. T., Marsh, T. R., Ashley, R. P., Breedt, E., Burleigh, M. R., Copperwheat, C. M., Dhillon, V. S., Green, M., Hermes, J. J., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2345 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“…Royal Astronomical Society nras/article-abstract/481/1/1083/5079656 by Boston U niversity user on 06 Septem ber 2019 stars (Dittmann et al. 2017a; Gillon et al. 2016, 2017), combined with the fact that M dwarfs are the most numerous stars in the Milky Way, has led to considerable interest in…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes transiting the nearby and quiet M dwarf TOI-270
Günther, M. N., Pozuelos, F. J., Dittmann, J., Dragomir, D., Kane, S. R., Daylan, T., Feinstein, A. D., Huang, C. X., Morton, T. D., Bonfanti, A., et al. (2019) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0845-5 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationDetectability of atmospheric features of Earth-like planets in the habitable zone around M dwarfs
Wunderlich, F., Godolt, M., Grenfell, J. L., Städt, S., Smith, A. M. S., Gebauer, S., Schreier, F., Hedelt, P., & Rauer, H. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834504 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Habitability of Exoplanet Waterworlds
Kite, E. S., & Ford, E. B. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad6e0 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“For example, the TRAPPIST-1 HZ planets (Gillon et al. 2017) are small enough and old enough (Burgasser & Mamajek 2017) that stagnant-lid volcanism should have shut down (Kite et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSuper-Earth masses sculpted by pebble isolation around stars of different masses
Liu, B.-B., Lambrechts, M., Johansen, A., & Liu, F. (2019) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936309 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“For instance, seven Earth-sized planets with very compact and short period orbits were discovered around the ultra-cool TRAPPIST-1 star whose mass is only 0.08 M (Gillon et al. 2017; Luger et al. 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialCARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs
Díez-Alonso, E., Caballero, J. A., Montes, D., Juez, F. J. D. C., Dreizler, S., Dubois, F., Jeffers, S. V., Lalitha, S., Naves, R., Reiners, A., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833316 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Reconnaissance of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanet system in the Lyman- α line
Bourrier, V., Ehrenreich, D., Wheatley, P. J., Bolmont, É., Gillon, M., de Wit, J., Burgasser, A. J., Jehin, E., Queloz, D. P., & Triaud, A. H. M. J. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201630238 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Uncertainties on the EUV flux were estimated by accounting for both the uncertainty on the Ly-α flux and the Linsky et al. (2014) relation. ter (Gillon et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationThe Threatening Magnetic and Plasma Environment of the TRAPPIST-1 Planets
Garraffo, C., Drake, J. J., Cohen, O., Alvarado-Gómez, J. D., & Moschou, S. P. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa79ed · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“The recent discovery of four additional planets around TRAPPIST-1 with masses and radii similar to the Earth’s (Gillon et al. 2017), combined with the three already known (Gillon et al. 2016), makes this system of special importance for characterizing terrestrial exoplanetary atmospheres and their…”
BackgroundInfluentialA Second Terrestrial Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf LHS 1140
Ment, K., Dittmann, J., Astudillo-Defru, N., Charbonneau, D., Irwin, J., Bonfils, X., Murgas, F., Almenara, J. M., Forveille, T., Agol, E., et al. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf1b1 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“In particular, the two planets tested by Morley et al. (2017) that have radii and temperatures similar to those of LHS 1140 c—namely TRAPPIST-1 b and GJ 1132 b—would likely require less than a dozen transits or eclipses to detect a Venus-like atmosphere, depending on the Bond albedo and surface pressure.”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Rackham, B. V., & Apai, D. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aade4f · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Kowalski, A. F. (2024) · Living Reviews in Solar Physics · doi:10.1007/s41116-024-00039-4 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Gas versus dust sizes of protoplanetary discs: effects of dust evolution
Trapman, L., Facchini, S., Hogerheijde, M. R., van Dishoeck, E. F., & Bruderer, S. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834723 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Observations of exoplanetary systems have revealed that they come in a large range of sizes, from multiple planets in the central ∼0.3–1 AU of the system (e.g. TRAPPIST-1 or Kepler-90; Gillon et al. 2017; Cabrera et al. 2014) to systems with Jupiter mass planets in ∼70 AU orbits around their host star (HR 8799; Marois…”
BackgroundInfluentialTemporal Evolution of the High-energy Irradiation and Water Content of TRAPPIST-1 Exoplanets
Bourrier, V., de Wit, J., Bolmont, É., Stamenković, V., Wheatley, P. J., Burgasser, A. J., Delrez, L., Demory, B.-O., Ehrenreich, D., Gillon, M., et al. (2017) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa859c · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“…also depends on the age of the system and whether the planets formed with a small water content (as suggested by planetary formation models, Ormel et al. 2017) or as planet oceans (as hinted by the low densities of the outer planets, especially TRAPPIST-1f; Gillon et al. 2017, Wang et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Gillon, M., Triaud, A. H. M. J., Demory, B.-O., Jehin, E., Agol, E., Deck, K. M., Lederer, S. M., de Wit, J., Burdanov, A., Ingalls, J. G., Bolmont, E., Leconte, J., Raymond, S. N., Selsis, F., Turbet, M., Barkaoui, K., Burgasser, A., Burleigh, M. R., Carey, S. J., Chaushev, A., Copperwheat, C. M., Delrez, L., Fernandes, C. S., Holdsworth, D. L., Kotze, E. J., Van Grootel, V., Almleaky, Y., Benkhaldoun, Z., Magain, P., & Queloz, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Liège (BE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of Bern (CH)
- NASA Astrobiology Institute (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Cadi Ayyad University (MA)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- South African Astronomical Observatory (ZA)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Gillon, Michaël
- ORCID
- Gillon, Michaël
- Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.
- Demory, Brice-Olivier
- Jehin, Emmanuël
- Agol, Eric
- Deck, Katherine M.
- Lederer, Susan M.
- Burdanov, Artem
- Ingalls, James G.
- Raymond, Sean N.
- Selsis, Franck
- Turbet, Martin
- Barkaoui, Khalid
- Burgasser, Adam
- Burleigh, Matthew R.
- Carey, Sean J.
- Delrez, Laetitia
- Holdsworth, Daniel L.
- Kotze, Enrico J.
- Benkhaldoun, Zouhair
- Queloz, Didier
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 542
- Issue
- 7642
- Pages
- 456-460
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC5330437
- OpenAlex
- W2590741408
- Cited by
- 1,555
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 251 · 2019: 207 · 2018: 260 · 2017: 164 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 131.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
- Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1615315)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX13AF62G)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-13-BS05-0003)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (163967)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (1362676, ST/L001306/1, ST/L00061X/1, ST/P006892/1, ST/N000757/1, ST/J001465/1, ST/M000966/1, ST/N001524/1, ST/P002218/1, ST/M003035/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Keywords
- TRAPPIST-1, exoplanets, Earth-sized planets, transit photometry, orbital resonance, planet migration, equilibrium temperature, habitability, liquid water, atmospheric characterization, planetary system architecture
- MeSH terms
- Extraterrestrial Environment, Temperature, Water, Planets, Exobiology, Stars, Celestial
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