Development and validation of a clinical cancer genomic profiling test based on massively parallel DNA sequencing
Open accessAbstract
As more clinically relevant cancer genes are identified, comprehensive diagnostic approaches are needed to match patients to therapies, raising the challenge of optimization and analytical validation of assays that interrogate millions of bases of cancer genomes altered by multiple mechanisms. Here we describe a test based on massively parallel DNA sequencing to characterize base substitutions, short insertions and deletions (indels), copy number alterations and selected fusions across 287 cancer-related genes from routine formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical specimens. We implemented a practical validation strategy with reference samples of pooled cell lines that model key determinants of accuracy, including mutant allele frequency, indel length and amplitude of copy change. Test sensitivity achieved was 95-99% across alteration types, with high specificity (positive predictive value >99%). We confirmed accuracy using 249 FFPE cancer specimens characterized by established assays. Application of the test to 2,221 clinical cases revealed clinically actionable alterations in 76% of tumors, three times the number of actionable alterations detected by current diagnostic tests.
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Targeted multiplexed hotspot panels are already developed and available in CAP-accredited academic and commercial laboratories.
“Targeted multiplexed hotspot panels (e.g., Agena Oncocarta [Agena Bioscience, San Diego, CA], 47 SNaPshot [Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA], 48 and next-generation sequencing [NGS] panels 49,50 ) have already been developed and are available in College of American Pathologists (CAP)-accredited academic and commercial laboratories.”
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“0 array profiling was performed by Foundation Medicine, as previously described (56).”
Tumor Mutational Burden as a Predictive Biomarker in Solid Tumors
Sha, D., Jin, Z., Budczies, J., Kluck, K., Stenzinger, A., & Sinicrope, F. A. (2020) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0522 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Hellmann, M. D., Callahan, M. K., Awad, M. M., Calvo, E., Ascierto, P. A., Atmaca, A., Rizvi, N. A., Hirsch, F. R., Selvaggi, G., Szustakowski, J. D., et al. (2018) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.04.001 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
“Tumor mutational burden estimated byWES closely correlatedwith the estimate after in silico filtering to the 315 genes in the FoundationOne next-generation sequencing genomic profile (Frampton et al., 2013) (Figure S4).”
The FGFR Landscape in Cancer: Analysis of 4,853 Tumors by Next-Generation Sequencing
Helsten, T. L., Elkin, S. K., Arthur, E., Tomson, B. N., Carter, J., & Kurzrock, R. (2015) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3212 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
“Samples were required to have a surface area 25 mm(2), volume 1mm(3), nucleated cellularity 80%, and tumor content 20% (10).”
BackgroundMethodFrampton, G. M., Ali, S. M., Rosenzweig, M., Chmielecki, J., Lu, X., Bauer, T. M., Akimov, M., Bufill, J. A., Lee, C., Jentz, D., et al. (2015) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0285 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Self-citationComprehensive Analysis of Hypermutation in Human Cancer
Campbell, B. B., Light, N. D., Fabrizio, D. A., Zatzman, M., Fuligni, F., de Borja, R., Davidson, S., Edwards, M., Elvin, J. A., Hodel, K. P., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.048 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
“Targeted regions of the genome were deeply sequenced using a validated cancer gene panel (Frampton et al., 2013).”
InfluentialNecchi, A., Anichini, A., Raggi, D., Briganti, A., Massa, S., Lucianò, R., Colecchia, M., Giannatempo, P., Mortarini, R., Bianchi, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.18.01148 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
“5 (15-24) Ileal conduit 13 (9-17) Median intraoperative blood loss, mL (IQR) 300 (150-500) 30-day readmission 11 (22) 30-day surgical reintervention 5 (10) Postoperative complications (Clavien Dindo) within 90 days 0 25 (50) II 10 (20) IIIa 9 (18) IIIb 5 (10) IV 1 (2) Type of postoperative complications Fever of unkno…”
BackgroundMolecular profiling of cancer patients enables personalized combination therapy: the I-PREDICT study
Sicklick, J. K., Kato, S., Okamura, R., Schwaederle, M. C., Hahn, M. E., Williams, C. B., De, P. K., Krie, A. K., Piccioni, D. E., Miller, V. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0407-5 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Lanman, R. B., Mortimer, S. A., Zill, O. A., Sebisanovic, D., Lopez, R., Blau, S., Collisson, E. A., Divers, S. G., Hoon, D. S. B., Kopetz, E. S., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140712 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
“8% assay success rate for the Guardant360 panel starkly contrasts with tissue-based NGS assay failure rates of about 25% (20% because tissue is unavailable or QNS plus a 5% NGS assay failure rate), sparing repeat invasive biopsies [68].”
MethodMechanisms and therapeutic implications of hypermutation in gliomas
Touat, M., Li, Y. Y., Boynton, A. N., Spurr, L. F., Iorgulescu, J. B., Bohrson, C. L., Cortés‐Ciriano, I., Birzu, C., Geduldig, J. E., Pelton, K., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2209-9 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Haplotyping germline and cancer genomes with high-throughput linked-read sequencing
Zheng, G. X. Y., Lau, B. T., Schnall-Levin, M., Jarosz, M. V., Bell, J., Hindson, C. M., Kyriazopoulou-Panagiotopoulou, S., Masquelier, D. A., Merrill, L., Terry, J. M., et al. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3432 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
“Exome sequencing does not detect gene fusions for which the breakpoint is more than a few hundred base pairs from an exon without custom targeting assays and extremely high sequencing coverage 22, 23 .”
Abida, W., Patnaik, A., Campbell, D., Shapiro, J., Bryce, A. H., McDermott, R., Sautois, B., Vogelzang, N. J., Bambury, R. M., Voog, E., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.20.01035 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
“Central testing was performed by Foundation Medicine.(12,13) Germline testing was performed by Color Genomics.”
MethodThe emerging clinical relevance of genomics in cancer medicine
Berger, M. F., & Mardis, E. R. (2018) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-018-0002-6 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Schrock, A. B., Ouyang, C., Sandhu, J. S., Sokol, E. S., Jin, D. X., Ross, J. S., Miller, V. A., Lim, D. W., Amanam, I. U., Chao, J., et al. (2019) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz134 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Meric-Bernstam, F., Hurwitz, H., Raghav, K. P. S., McWilliams, R. R., Fakih, M., VanderWalde, A., Swanton, C., Kurzrock, R., Burris, H., Sweeney, C., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30904-5 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Genomic and transcriptomic profiling expands precision cancer medicine: the WINTHER trial
Rodon, J. A., Soria, J., Berger, R., Miller, W. H., Rubin, E., Kugel, A., Tsimberidou, A. M., Saintigny, P., Ackerstein, A., Braña, I., et al. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0424-4 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Overcoming therapy resistance in EGFR-mutant lung cancer
Passaro, A., Jänne, P. A., Mok, T., & Peters, S. (2021) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-021-00195-8 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Molecular Subsets in Renal Cancer Determine Outcome to Checkpoint and Angiogenesis Blockade
Motzer, R. J., Banchereau, R., Hamidi, H., Powles, T. B., McDermott, D. F., Atkins, M. B., Escudier, B. J., Liu, L.-F., Leng, N., Abbas, A. R., et al. (2020) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.10.011 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Goyal, L., Saha, S. K., Liu, L. Y., Siravegna, G., Leshchiner, I., Ahronian, L. G., Lennerz, J. K., Vu, P., Deshpande, V., Kambadakone, A. R., et al. (2016) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-1000 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Singal, G., Miller, P. G., Agarwala, V., Li, G., Kaushik, G. N., Backenroth, D., Gossai, A., Frampton, G. M., Torres, A. Z., Lehnert, E. M., et al. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.3241 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
“7% of all samples; eTable 1 in the Supplement).(8)Pointmutations, amplifications, deletions, duplications, insertions, splice site variants, and rearrangements werecategorizedaseitherknownpathogenic, likelypathogenic, variantsofunknownsignificance,orgermlinesingle-nucleotide polymorphisms.”
BackgroundPD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden are independent biomarkers in most cancers
Yarchoan, M. M., Albacker, L. A., Hopkins, A. C., Montesion, M., Murugesan, K., Vithayathil, T., Zaidi, N., Azad, N. S., Laheru, D. A., Frampton, G. M., et al. (2019) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.126908 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
“TMB was assessed using a targeted comprehensive genomic profiling assay (FoundationOne) as previously described (28, 29).”
Genetic Analysis of 779 Advanced Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancers
Pozdeyev, N. V., Gay, L. M., Sokol, E. S., Hartmaier, R. J., Deaver, K. E., Davis, S., French, J. D., Borre, P. V., LaBarbera, D. V., Tan, A. C., et al. (2018) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0373 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
“Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays, such as MSK-IMPACT (7) and FoundationOne (8), are commonly used for cancer genotyping in clinical practice.”
BackgroundMethodDiverse and Targetable Kinase Alterations Drive Histiocytic Neoplasms
Diamond, E. L., Durham, B. H., Haroche, J., Yao, Z., Ma, J., Parikh, S. A., Wang, Z., Choi, J. K., Kim, E. H., Aubart, F. C., et al. (2015) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0913 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
“Targeted DNA Sequencing We sequenced the regions of known mutations in MAP2K1, NRAS, KRAS, and PIK3CA, as well as all coding exons of ARAF using Sanger sequencing (primer sequences listed in Supplementary Table S5) and/or hybrid-capture, next generation sequencing using the MSKCC IMPACT assay as previously described (…”
Имянитов, Е. Н., Iyevleva, A. G., & Levchenko, E. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103194 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Garcia, E. P., Minkovsky, A., Jia, Y., Ducar, M. D., Shivdasani, P., Gong, X., Ligon, A. H., Sholl, L. M., Kuo, F. C., MacConaill, L. E., et al. (2017) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2016-0527-oa · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Merino, D. M., McShane, L. M., Fabrizio, D. A., Funari, V. A., Chen, S., White, J. R., Wenz, P., Baden, J. F., Barrett, J. C., Chaudhary, R., et al. (2020) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2019-000147 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Implementing Genome-Driven Oncology
Hyman, D. M., Taylor, B. S., & Baselga, J. M. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.015 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Targeted Next Generation Sequencing Identifies Markers of Response to PD-1 Blockade
Johnson, D. B., Frampton, G. M., Rioth, M. J., Yusko, E., Xu, Y., Guo, X., Ennis, R. C., Fabrizio, D., Chalmers, Z. R., Greenbowe, J., et al. (2016) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0143 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
“Methods for DNA extraction and sequencing have been extensively validated and published (16).”
BackgroundSelf-citationStructure-based classification predicts drug response in EGFR-mutant NSCLC
Robichaux, J. P., Le, X., Vijayan, R. S. K., Hicks, J. K., Heeke, S., Elamin, Y. Y., Lin, H. Y., Udagawa, H., Skoulidis, F., Tran, H., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03898-1 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Camidge, D. R., Dziadziuszko, R., Peters, S., Mok, T. S. K., Noé, J., Nowicka, M., Gadgeel, S. M., Cheema, P. K., Pavlakis, N., de Marinis, F., et al. (2019) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2019.03.007 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Miller, R. E., Leary, A. F., Scott, C. L., Serra, V., Lord, C. J., Bowtell, D. D. L., Chang, D. K.-F., Garsed, D. W., Jonkers, J., Ledermann, J. A., et al. (2020) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.2102 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Kim, S., Dent, R. A., Im, S., Espié, M., Blau, S. H., Tan, A. R., Isakoff, S. J., Oliveira, M., Saura, C., Wongchenko, M. J., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30450-3 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Standards and Guidelines for Validating Next-Generation Sequencing Bioinformatics Pipelines
Roy, S., Coldren, C. D., Karunamurthy, A. D., Kip, N. S., Klee, E. W., Lincoln, S. E., Leon, A., Pullambhatla, M., Temple‐Smolkin, R., Voelkerding, K. V., et al. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.11.003 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Institutional implementation of clinical tumor profiling on an unselected cancer population
Sholl, L. M., Do, K., Shivdasani, P., Cerami, E., Dubuc, A. M., Kuo, F. C., Garcia, E. P., Jia, Y., Davineni, P., Abo, R. P., et al. (2016) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.87062 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
“Discussion In recent years, a number of academic cancer centers, hospitals, and commercial entities have established genomic profiling programs (11, 12, 16, 17, 20, 24, 26, 40) that differ in terms of technology and gene panel content (varying from tens to hundreds or thousands of genes) as well as target patient popu…”
BackgroundPiotrowska, Z., Niederst, M. J., Karlovich, C., Wakelee, H. A., Neal, J. W., Mino-Kenudson, M. A., Fulton, L. E., Hata, A. N., Lockerman, E. L., Kalsy, A., et al. (2015) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0399 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Ross, J. S., Wang, K., Gay, L. M., Al-Rohil, R. N., Rand, J. V., Jones, D., Lee, H. J., Sheehan, C. E., Otto, G. A., Palmer, G. A., et al. (2014) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0352 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Next-Generation Sequencing in Oncology: Genetic Diagnosis, Risk Prediction and Cancer Classification
Kamps, R., Brandão, R. D., van den Bosch, B. J. C., Paulussen, A. D. C., Xanthoulea, S., Blok, M. J., & Romano, A. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18020308 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Piotrowska, Z., Isozaki, H., Lennerz, J. K., Gainor, J. F., Lennes, I. T., Zhu, V. W., Marcoux, N., Banwait, M. K., Digumarthy, S. R., Su, W., et al. (2018) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1022 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
“All osimertinib-resistant tissue biopsies were analyzed by Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–certified assays performed in the MGH Center for Integrated Diagnostics or Foundation Medicine using methods which have been described previously, including the MGH SNaPshot NGS panel, MGH SFA, FoundationOne NGS panel…”
MethodLin, K., Harrell, M. I., Oza, A. M., Oaknin, A., Ray-Coquard, I. L., Tinker, A. V., Helman, E., Radke, M. R., Say, C., Vo, L.-T., et al. (2018) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0715 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
“Sequencing of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor specimens was performed using the Foundation Medicine T5 NGS-based assay (29), which sequences the exons of 287 cancer-related genes, including BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53.”
MethodMeric-Bernstam, F., Brusco, L., Shaw, K., Horombe, C., Kopetz, S., Davies, M. A., Routbort, M., Piha-Paul, S. A., Janku, F., Ueno, N., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2014.60.4165 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
“Such larger panels may demonstrate potentially actionable alterations in many more patients.(3-6) We noted several challenges in linking genomic testing to genomically matched trials.”
BackgroundJavle, M. M., Borad, M. J., Azad, N. S., Kurzrock, R., Abou‐Alfa, G. K., George, B., Hainsworth, J. D., Meric‐Bernstam, F., Swanton, C., Sweeney, C. J., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00336-3 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Sholl, L. M., Aisner, D. L., Varella-Garcia, M., Berry, L. D., Dias-Santagata, D., Wistuba, I. I., Chen, H., Fujimoto, J., Kugler, K., Franklin, W. A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1097/jto.0000000000000516 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Biliary cancer: Utility of next‐generation sequencing for clinical management
Javle, M. M., Bekaii‐Saab, T., Jain, A., Wang, Y., Kelley, R. K., Wang, K., Kang, H. C., Catenacci, D. V. T., Ali, S. M., Krishnan, S., et al. (2016) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.30254 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
“The sequence analysis methods and validation of the CGP platform included extensive comparisons with orthogonal methodologies.(28) Base substitution detection was performed with a Bayesian methodology, which detected novel somatic mutations at a low mutant allele frequency (MAF) and with increased sensitivity for muta…”
MethodInfluentialPersonalized genomic analyses for cancer mutation discovery and interpretation
Jones, S., Anagnostou, V., Lytle, K., Parpart-Li, S. T., Nesselbush, M. C., Riley, D. R. J., Shukla, M., Chesnick, B., Kadan, M., Papp, E., et al. (2015) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa7161 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Schoenfeld, A. J., Chan, J. M., Kubota, D., Sato, H., Rizvi, H., Daneshbod, Y., Chang, J. C., Paik, P. K., Offin, M., Arcila, M. E., et al. (2020) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3563 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
“The primary NGS platform was MSK-IMPACT (27), but other NGS platforms, such as MSK-Ampliseq (Supplementary Materials and Methods) and Foundation Medicine NGS (28), were occasionally utilized.”
MethodAccelerating Discovery of Functional Mutant Alleles in Cancer
Chang, M. T., Shrestha-Bhattarai, T., Schram, A. M., Bielski, C. M., Donoghue, M. T. A., Jonsson, P., Chakravarty, D., Phillips, S. M., Kandoth, C., Penson, A. V., et al. (2017) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0321 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
“Retrospective mutational data were obtained from three publicly available sources: (1) The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), (2) the International Cancer Genome Consortium, and (3) independent published sequencing projects (10).”
MethodKondrashova, O., Nguyen, M., Shield‐Artin, K., Tinker, A. V., Teng, N. N. H., Harrell, M. I., Kuiper, M. J., Ho, G., Barker, H. E., Jasin, M., et al. (2017) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-0419 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
“5 are being increasingly identified in the clinic due to use of germline multiplex genetic testing and tumor sequencing (16,19).”
BackgroundMethodPeters, S., Gettinger, S. N., Johnson, M. L., Janne, P. A., Garassino, M. C., Christoph, D. C., Toh, C., Rizvi, N. A., Chaft, J. E., Carcereny, E., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.71.9476 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“(%) EGFR*† 13/117 (11) 18/219 (8) 14/207 (7) 45/543 (8) KRAS* 33/100 (33) 50/200 (25) 54/188 (29) 137/488 (28) ALK* 3/79 (4) 2/151 (1) 4/146 (3) 9/376 (2) TC3 or IC3 status, % 47 46 46 46”
Klempner, S. J., Fabrizio, D. A., Bane, S., Reinhart, M. L., Peoples, T., Ali, S. M., Sokol, E. S., Frampton, G. M., Schrock, A. B., Anhorn, R., et al. (2019) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0244 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
“The two quality control metrics that should be considered when evaluating samples for TMB are median depth of sequencing coverage and coverage uniformity, as coverage is directly related to the sensitivity of calling both single nucleotide variants and indels, the two components that contribute to the TMB calculation…”
BackgroundTargeting MET in Lung Cancer: Will Expectations Finally Be MET?
Drilon, A. E. D. C., Cappuzzo, F., Ou, S. I., & Camidge, D. R. (2016) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2016.10.014 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“tested positive for amplification of other genes such as ERBB2 by FISH.(50,51) As with FISH, copy number gains detected by NGS are reported as continuous variables,”
MethodKopetz, S., Guthrie, K. A., Morris, V. K., Lenz, H., Magliocco, A. M., Maru, D. M., Yan, Y., Lanman, R. B., Manyam, G. C., Hong, D. S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.20.01994 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Characterization of 298 Patients with Lung Cancer Harboring MET Exon 14 Skipping Alterations
Schrock, A. B., Frampton, G. M., Suh, J. H., Chalmers, Z. R., Rosenzweig, M. R., Erlich, R., Halmos, B., Goldman, J. W., Forde, P. M., Leuenberger, K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2016.06.004 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
“Unknown 62 (24) 8 (18) METex14 alterations, n (%) 0.”
Best practices for variant calling in clinical sequencing
Koboldt, D. C. (2020) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-020-00791-w · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Abida, W. M., Campbell, D. C., Patnaik, A., Shapiro, J. D., Sautois, B. R., Vogelzang, N. J., Voog, É., Bryce, A. H., McDermott, R., Ricci, F., et al. (2020) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0394 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
“Central testing was performed by Foundation Medicine, Inc (19, 20).”
MethodMilbury, C. A., Creeden, J., Yip, W., Smith, D. L., Pattani, V. P., Maxwell, K., Sawchyn, B., Gjoerup, O. V., Meng, W., Skoletsky, J., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264138 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
“F1CDx is the result of the evolution of Foundation Medicine’s original FoundationOne(1) assay [64].”
BackgroundDelivering precision oncology to patients with cancer
Mateo, J., Steuten, L., Aftimos, P. G., André, F., Davies, D. M., Garralda, E., Geißler, J., Husereau, D., Martínez‐López, I., Normanno, N., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01717-2 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Sunami, K., Ichikawa, H., Kubo, T., Kato, M., Fujiwara, Y., Shimomura, A., Koyama, T., Kakishima, H., Kitami, M., Matsushita, H., et al. (2019) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.13969 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Turner, N. C., Kingston, B., Kilburn, L., Kernaghan, S., Wardley, A. M., Macpherson, I. R., Baird, R. D., Roylance, R. R., Stephens, P., Oikonomidou, O., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30444-7 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
“Sensitivity (or percent-positive agreement reflecting the absence of gold standard) for digital PCR was 93% (95% CI 83–98) overall and 98% (87–100) in patients with contemporaneous biopsies (appendix pp 17, 20).”
InfluentialCopy number alteration burden predicts prostate cancer relapse
Hieronymus, H., Schultz, N. D., Gopalan, A., Carver, B. S., Chang, M. T., Xiao, Y., Heguy, A., Huberman, K. H., Bernstein, M. L., Assel, M. J., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1411446111 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
“As we have shown that CNA burden can be successfully determined in formalin-fixed needle biopsies, future work may explore CNA burden within large biopsy cohorts to determine its prognostic power (29, 30).”
BackgroundYoshizato, T., Nannya, Y., Atsuta, Y., Shiozawa, Y., Iijima‐Yamashita, Y., Yoshida, K., Shiraishi, Y., Suzuki, H., Nagata, Y., Sato, Y., et al. (2017) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2016-12-754796 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“0) Age at diagnosis (n 5 796), y 51 (12-65) Age at transplantation (n 5 797), y 53 (16-66) Time from diagnosis to transplantation (n 5 793), mo 9.”
BackgroundThe distribution of BRAF gene fusions in solid tumors and response to targeted therapy
Ross, J. S., Wang, K., Chmielecki, J., Gay, L. M., Johnson, A., Chudnovsky, J., Yelensky, R., Lipson, D., Ali, S. M., Elvin, J. A., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29825 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
“Base substitution detection is performed using a Bayesian methodology, which allows detection of novel somatic mutations at low mutant allele frequency (MAF) and increased sensitivity for mutations at hotspot sites through the incorporation of tissue-specific prior expectations.(15) Reads with mapping quality <25 are…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPD-1 Blockade in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
Capdevila, J., Wirth, L. J., Ernst, T., Ponce-Aix, S., Lin, C., Ramlau, R., Butler, M. O., Delord, J., Gelderblom, H. A. J., Ascierto, P. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.19.02727 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
“…were also analyzed by next-generation sequencing (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts) to assess mutations affecting cancer-related genes and tumor mutation burden, 17 and by RNA sequencing (RNAseq) to evaluate gene expression patterns, including interferon gamma (IFN γ ) signature.”
Singhi, A. D., George, B., Greenbowe, J. R., Chung, J., Suh, J., Maitra, A., Klempner, S. J., Hendifar, A., Milind, J. M., Golan, T., et al. (2019) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.02.037 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
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“of patients 129 55 51 Median age, years (range) 52 (22-78) 55 (22-78) 51 (31-76) .”
Implementing TMB measurement in clinical practice: considerations on assay requirements
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Jones, J. C., Renfro, L. A., Al-Shamsi, H. O., Schrock, A. B., Rankin, A., Zhang, B. Y., Kasi, P. M., Voss, J. S., Leal, A. D., Sun, J. X., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.71.4394 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Individualized Medicine from Prewomb to Tomb
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“Using predominantly fixed-formalin, paraffin-embedded samples, mutation cell concordance was established compared with mass spectrometric methodology (Sequenom), and the typical driver mutations were identified in a cohort of more than 2,000 individuals, such as TP53, KRAS, CDKN2A, and PIK3CA (Frampton et al., 2013).”
Kris, M. G., Camidge, D. R., Giaccone, G., Hida, T., Li, B. T., O'Connell, J., Taylor, I., Zhang, H., Arcila, M. E., Goldberg, Z., et al. (2015) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv186 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
“The growing use of multiplexed genomic assays that can detect both mutations and amplifications has led to the identification of an increasing number of individuals with HER2-driven lung cancers [12].”
BackgroundFusions in solid tumours: diagnostic strategies, targeted therapy, and acquired resistance
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MET-dependent solid tumours — molecular diagnosis and targeted therapy
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Ivosidenib in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1–Mutated Advanced Glioma
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Evaluating eligibility criteria of oncology trials using real-world data and AI
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“For example, FoundationOne utilizes massively parallel DNA sequencing to characterize clinically actionable mutations across a wide array of cancer-related genes from routine formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens.(82) This information is provided in conjunction with an interpretive report”
Detecting the mutational signature of homologous recombination deficiency in clinical samples
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AKT Inhibition in Solid Tumors With AKT1 Mutations
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“Next-generation sequencing was performed utilizing both targeted and whole-exome sequencing on pre-treatment DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor and matched blood specimens (Table S3).(20,21) Droplet digital polymerase-chainreaction analysis (ddPCR) using an allele-specific assay was performed on cfDNA fro…”
MethodImmunotherapeutic approaches for small-cell lung cancer
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Integrated genomic DNA/RNA profiling of hematologic malignancies in the clinical setting
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“Additional details of the methods were described previously.(7)”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
- Authors
- Frampton, G. M., Fichtenholtz, A., Otto, G. A., Wang, K., Downing, S. R., He, J., Schnall-Levin, M., White, J., Sanford, E. M., An, P., Sun, J., Juhn, F., Brennan, K., Iwanik, K., Maillet, A., Buell, J., White, E., Zhao, M., Balasubramanian, S., Terzic, S., Richards, T., Banning, V., Garcia, L., Mahoney, K., Zwirko, Z., Donahue, A., Beltran, H., Mosquera, J. M., Rubin, M. A., Dogan, S., Hedvat, C. V., Berger, M. F., Pusztai, L., Lechner, M., Boshoff, C., Jarosz, M., Vietz, C., Parker, A., Miller, V. A., Ross, J. S., Curran, J., Cronin, M. T., Stephens, P. J., Lipson, D., & Yelensky, R.
- Affiliations
- Foundation Medicine (United States) (US)
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Yale Cancer Center (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lipson, Doron
- Yelensky, Roman
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1023-1031
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- PMC
- PMC5710001
- OpenAlex
- W2160981405
- Cited by
- 2,157
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 188 · 2020: 213 · 2019: 185 · 2018: 195 · 2017: 180 · 2016: 182 · 2015: 159 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 49.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (WT093855MA)
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA008748)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer Genomics and Diagnostics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › BRCA gene mutations in cancer
- Keywords
- tumor genomic profiling, analytical method validation, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, copy number alterations, indels, gene fusion, actionable mutations, mutant allele frequency, sensitivity and specificity, precision oncology
- MeSH terms
- DNA Mutational Analysis, Gene Frequency, Humans, Neoplasms, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques, DNA Copy Number Variations
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