Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians
Open accessAbstract
We extend the scope of European palaeogenomics by sequencing the genomes of Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,300 years old, 1.4-fold coverage) and Mesolithic (9,700 years old, 15.4-fold) males from western Georgia in the Caucasus and a Late Upper Palaeolithic (13,700 years old, 9.5-fold) male from Switzerland. While we detect Late Palaeolithic–Mesolithic genomic continuity in both regions, we find that Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) belong to a distinct ancient clade that split from western hunter-gatherers ∼45 kya, shortly after the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Europe and from the ancestors of Neolithic farmers ∼25 kya, around the Last Glacial Maximum. CHG genomes significantly contributed to the Yamnaya steppe herders who migrated into Europe ∼3,000 BC, supporting a formative Caucasus influence on this important Early Bronze age culture. CHG left their imprint on modern populations from the Caucasus and also central and south Asia possibly marking the arrival of Indo-Aryan languages.
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The two Caucasus Hunter Gatherers are less extreme along PC1 than the Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from Iran, while individuals from Chalcolithic Anatolia, Iran, and Armenia, and Bronze Age Armenia occupy intermediate positions.
“The two Caucasus Hunter Gatherers (CHG)9 are less extreme along PC1 than the Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from Iran, while individuals from Chalcolithic Anatolia, Iran, and Armenia, and Bronze Age Armenia occupy intermediate positions.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
The dataset combines the newly reported ancient individuals with previously published ancient data to form a dataset of 281 ancient individuals.
“We combined our data with previously published ancient data7,8,9,10,8,10-15 to form a dataset of 281 ancient individuals.”
From Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Jones, E. R., Gonzalez-Fortes, G., Connell, S., Siska, V., Eriksson, A., Martiniano, R., McLaughlin, R. L., Gallego Llorente, M., Cassidy, L. M., Gamba, C., Meshveliani, T., Bar-Yosef, O., Müller, W., Belfer-Cohen, A., Matskevich, Z., Jakeli, N., Higham, T. F. G., Currat, M., Lordkipanidze, D., Hofreiter, M., Manica, A., Pinhasi, R., & Bradley, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Georgian National Museum (GE)
- Laténium (CH)
- Israel Antiquities Authority (IL)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Manica, Andrea
- Pinhasi, Ron
- Bradley, Daniel G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2015-11-16
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8912-8912
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4660371
- OpenAlex
- W2175307154
- Cited by
- 417
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 28.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- publish.UP (University of Potsdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universität Potsdam (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Geographic Society
- Cambridge Trust
- Gates Cambridge Trust
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (1344400, BB/H005854/1)
- H2020 European Research Council (647787)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (310763, 295729, 263441)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Yamnaya, Indo-Aryan migration, Neolithic farmers, Last Glacial Maximum, ancient DNA
- MeSH terms
- Asia, Europe, Humans, Male, Genome, Human, Genomics, White People, Asian People, Human Migration
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