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Cited by 121Forensic and Genetic ResearchGenetic diversity and population structureForensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies

Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines

Open access
Feldman, Michal, Master, Daniel M., Bianco, Raffaela A., Burri, Marta, Stockhammer, Philipp W., Mittnik, Alissa, Aja, Adam J., Jeong, Choongwon +1 more·2019·Science Advances
DOI 10.1126/sciadv.aax0061PMC PMC6609216
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Abstract

Bronze and Iron Age genomes suggest a European-related gene flow coincided with the Philistines arrival in ancient Ashkelon.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Genome-wide ancient DNA from a Bronze-to-Iron Age time series at Ashkelon shows long-term local Levantine ancestry, a transient early Iron Age European-related gene flow, and its disappearance by the later Iron Age. The authors interpret this as genetic evidence coinciding with the Philistine arrival, followed by rapid dilution into the local Levantine gene pool.

Key findings

  • Of 108 skeletal elements screened, 10 yielded sufficient human DNA: 3 Late Bronze Age (ASH_LBA), 4 early Iron Age I (ASH_IA1), and 3 later Iron Age II (ASH_IA2) individuals.
  • All three Ashkelon populations derived most ancestry from the local Levantine gene pool; ASH_LBA fit a two-way model with ~60% Levant_ChL ancestry (60.0 ± 6.5%) and the rest Iran_ChL.
  • ASH_IA1 was distinct in its European-related affinity: ADMIXTURE assigned it an average 14% WHG-related component versus 2–9% in earlier Bronze Age Levantine populations; the best-supported two-way model inferred ~43% ancestry from Greek Bronze Age “Crete_Odigitria_BA” (43.1 ± 19.2%) and the rest from ASH_LBA.
  • The European-related signal did not persist in ASH_IA2: WHG-related ancestry was 8% in ASH_IA2 versus 14% in ASH_IA1, and ASH_IA2 fit a two-way Levant_ChL + Iran_ChL model. Modeling ASH_IA2 as a mixture of ASH_IA1 and earlier Bronze Age Levantines/Late Period Egyptian inferred 7–38% contribution from ASH_IA1, but no contribution could not be rejected.

Methods

  • Ancient DNA was extracted from 108 Ashkelon skeletal elements; 10 libraries were enriched with a 1.24-million-SNP “1240 k capture” and sequenced. The merged dataset included 638 published ancient genomes and 4,943 present-day individuals from 298 populations, totaling 593,124 SNP sites.
  • Population-genetic analyses included PCA, ADMIXTURE (K = 9), f4/f3-statistics, and qpAdm/qpWave modeling, alongside mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplogroup assignment.
  • Authentication and quality control included mitochondrial contamination estimates of 0–9% (two individuals above 5%), nuclear contamination up to 4.3% in males, and relatedness testing showing no first- or second-degree relatives among the 10 individuals.

Limitations

  • The paper states that DNA preservation in the southern Levant is low, with only 10 of 108 skeletal elements yielding sufficient human DNA; mean coverage for the reported genomes ranged from 0.08 to 0.7 fold. It also cautions that radiocarbon dates should be treated as rough estimates because marine carbon in the diet could make calibrated dates older than true age.
  • The paper states that the spatiotemporal origins of the post-Neolithic gene flow remain broadly defined, that alternative two-way models also fit with smaller P values, and that it cannot distinguish small-scale gene flow from population structure between the Early and Late Bronze Age.
  • The paper states that candidate source populations may be missing due to geographical and temporal sampling gaps, that better proxies might be found with future data, and that limited statistical power from insufficient coverage or lack of appropriate contemporaneous proxies affects inference. It also notes limited resolution in the ASH_IA2 model, where no contribution from ASH_IA1 cannot be rejected. Evident from the text: the sample is small (10 individuals across three groups), with low coverage and uneven group sizes.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/sciadv.aax0061

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 9 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    A second ancestral component maximized in Iran_N is on average higher in ASH_LBA and earlier Bronze Age Levantines (20 to 30%) than in all earlier Levantines (3 to 8%).

    “a second component (shown in green) that is maximized in Iran_N is, on average, higher in ASH_LBA and in each of the earlier Bronze Age Levantines compared to all earlier Levantines (20 to 30% and 3 to 8%, respectively).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    ASH_LBA is assigned the same major ancestral component as all earlier Levantine populations in ADMIXTURE analysis.

    “ASH_LBA is assigned the same major ancestral component as all earlier Levantine populations”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The early Iron Age Ashkelon population (ASH_IA1) had high variation in its genetic affinity to European-derived populations.

    “The early Iron Age population was distinct in its high genetic affinity to European-derived populations and in the high variation of that affinity”
    • Also stated in: § Genetic discontinuity between the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age people of Ashkelon · plain
      “the variance is significantly higher in ASH_IA1 than in either ASH_LBA or ASH_IA2 (P < 2.2 × 10−16 for both by a Fligner-Killeen test)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Compared to earlier Levantines, Bronze Age individuals including ASH_LBA are shifted along PC2 toward ancient Iranian and Caucasus individuals.

    “Compared to earlier Levantines [Levantine early farmers from present-day Jordan and Israel labeled “Levant_N” (12) and Chalcolithic individuals from Peqi’in, Israel labeled “Levant_ChL” (11)], the Bronze Age individuals including ASH_LBA are all shifted along PC2 toward ancient Iranian and Caucasus individuals”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Only 10 of 108 skeletal elements excavated in Ashkelon yielded sufficient amounts of human DNA.

    “We extracted and sequenced DNA from 108 skeletal elements excavated in Ashkelon. In line with the low DNA preservation previously reported for the southern Levant (11–14), only 10 yielded sufficient amounts of human DNA (data file S1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 16
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ASH_LBA individuals overlap with the cline of present-day Near Easterners and are close to earlier Bronze Age Levantines and Anatolians.

    “The ASH_LBA individuals overlap with the cline of present-day Near Easterners and are close to earlier Bronze Age Levantines and Anatolians”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The f4 statistic f4(ASH_IA2, ASH_IA1; test, Mbuti) produced no significantly positive results, and all significantly negative statistics (Z ≤ −3) are with test populations from either Europe or Anatolia.

    “This statistic produced no significantly positive results, and all significantly negative statistics (Z ≤ −3) are with test populations from either Europe or Anatolia (fig. S10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For ASH_IA1, the two-way qpAdm model is inadequate (χ2P = 3.80 × 106) and the three-way model with WHG fits (χ2P = 0.765).

    “for ASH_IA1, the two-way model is inadequate (χ2P = 3.80 × 106; table S5) and the three-way one fits (χ2P = 0.765).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ASH_LBA and ASH_IA2 fit well with a two-way qpAdm model using Levant_ChL and Iran_ChL (0% WHG contribution), whereas the three-way model infers small nonsignificant WHG proportions (−2.3 ± 2.2% and 2.0 ± 2.2%, respectively).

    “ASH_LBA and ASH_IA2 fit well with the two-way model (χ2P = 0.445 and χ2P = 0.313, respectively; table S5), whereas the three-way one infers small nonsignificant proportions (−2.3 ± 2.2 and 2.0 ± 2.2% for ASH_LBA and ASH_IA2, respectively; table S5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of 51 tested qpAdm models for ASH_IA1, four are plausible (χ2P > 0.05), all two-way mixtures.

    “Of the 51 tested models, we find four plausible ones (χ2P > 0.05), all are two-way mixtures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The four ASH_IA1 individuals are, on average, shifted along PC1 toward the European cline and are more spread out along PC1, overlapping ASH_LBA on one extreme and Greek Late Bronze Age S_Greece_LBA on the other.

    “the four ASH_IA1 individuals from the following Iron Age I period are, on average, shifted along PC1 toward the European cline and are more spread out along PC1, overlapping with ASH_LBA on one extreme and with the Greek Late Bronze Age “S_Greece_LBA” (25) on the other”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Modeling ASH_IA2 as a mixture of ASH_IA1 and earlier Bronze Age Levantines/Late Period Egyptian infers a range of 7 to 38% contribution from ASH_IA1, although no contribution cannot be rejected because of limited resolution.

    “By modeling ASH_IA2 as a mixture of ASH_IA1 and earlier Bronze Age Levantines/Late Period Egyptian, we infer a range of 7 to 38% of contribution from ASH_IA1, although no contribution cannot be rejected because of the limited resolution to differentiate between Bronze Age and early Iron Age ancestries in this model (table S8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ASH_IA1 could also be modeled with modern Sardinian (35.2 ± 17.4%; χ2P = 0.070), Bronze Age Iberia_BA (21.8 ± 21.1%; χ2P = 0.205), or Bronze Age Steppe_MLBA (15.7 ± 9.1%; χ2P = 0.050) as the second source to ASH_LBA.

    “ASH_IA1 could also be modeled with either the modern “Sardinian” (35.2 ± 17.4%; χ2P = 0.070), the Bronze Age “Iberia_BA” (21.8 ± 21.1%; χ2P = 0.205), or the Bronze Age “Steppe_MLBA” (15.7 ± 9.1%; χ2P = 0.050) as the second source population to ASH_LBA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Mitochondrial contamination for all 10 individuals ranged between 0 and 9%, with only two above 5%.

    “Mitochondrial contamination for all 10 individuals ranged between 0 and 9%, with only two of them above 5% (table S2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These data begin to fill a temporal gap in the genetic map of the southern Levant, revealing persistence of the local Levantine gene pool throughout the Bronze Age for over a millennium.

    “these data begin to fill a temporal gap in the genetic map of the southern Levant, revealing persistence of the local Levantine gene pool throughout the Bronze Age for over a millennium.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The variance for each analyzed group was estimated by a Fligner-Killeen test, which is robust against departures from normality that can be caused by small sample size.

    “The variance for each group was estimated by a Fligner-Killeen test, which is robust against departures from normality that can be caused by small sample size.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Nuclear contamination in males was estimated using ANGSD, which compares mismatch rates between polymorphic sites on the X chromosome.

    “We next used ANGSD (v0.910) (41), which compares mismatch rates between polymorphic sites on the X chromosome to estimate nuclear contamination in males.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Korneliussen T. S., Albrechtsen A., Nielsen R., ANGSD: Analysis of next generation sequencing data. BMC Bioinformatics 15, 356 (2014). 25420514 PMC4248462 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    f-statistics were reported only when at least 20,000 SNP positions overlapped between the four tested populations.

    “We report the f-statistics in which at least 20,000 SNP positions were overlapping between the four tested populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    To eliminate genotyping bases with retained damage, the two terminal positions in each read were clipped, and a pseudo-diploid genotype was reconstructed for each individual using pileupCaller.

    “To eliminate genotyping bases with retained damage, the two terminal positions in each read were clipped, and subsequently, a pseudo-diploid genotype was reconstructed for each individual using pileupCaller”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Human mitochondrial DNA contamination was measured using schmutzi.

    “(iii) We measured human mitochondrial DNA contamination using schmutzi (40).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] Renaud G., Slon V., Duggan A. T., Kelso J., Schmutzi: Estimation of contamination and endogenous mitochondrial consensus calling for ancient DNA. Genome Biol. 16, 224 (2015). 26458810 PMC4601135 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The low significance of the f4-statistics for Bronze Age gene flow might be due to limited statistical power from insufficient coverage or lack of appropriate contemporaneous proxy populations.

    “We do not rule out that some gene flow occurred during the Bronze Age as low significance of the f4-statistics might be due to the limited statistical power of our data stemming from either insufficient coverage or a lack of appropriate contemporaneous proxy populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All preamplification procedures were performed in dedicated ancient DNA facilities at MPI-SHH, Jena, Germany.

    “All preamplification procedures were performed in the dedicated aDNA facilities of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena, Germany.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Genetic sex was inferred for each individual by calculating the ratio of X and Y chromosome coverage normalized by the autosomal average coverage.

    “(iv) The genetic sex was inferred for each individual by calculating the ratio of the X and Y chromosome coverage (normalized by the autosomal average coverage).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    ADMIXTURE analysis was performed with five replicates for each k using random seeds, and the highest likelihood replicate was chosen.

    “We performed five replicates for each k with random seeds and chose the highest likelihood replicate (fig. S3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Alexander D. H., Novembre J., Lange K., Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. Genome Res. 19, 1655– 1664 (2009). 19648217 PMC2752134 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Automatically called derived alleles supporting Y-chromosome haplogroup assignment were manually confirmed.

    “In addition, the automatically called derived alleles, which support the haplogroup assignment, were manually confirmed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Fivefold cross-validation errors were calculated for each ADMIXTURE run.

    “Fivefold cross-validation (CV) errors were calculated for each run.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    To reduce potential errors in obtained DNA sequences, DNA damage from cytosine deamination was partially removed using uracil-DNA glycosylase and endonuclease VIII, retaining damage at terminal positions as a measure of aDNA authentication.

    “To reduce potential errors in the obtained DNA sequences, we partially removed DNA damage resulting from cytosine deamination using uracil-DNA glycosylase and endonuclease VIII as previously reported (31). In this procedure, the damage is retained in the terminal positions of the DNA fragments and can be leveraged as a measure of aDNA authentication.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Rohland N., Harney E., Mallick S., Nordenfelt S., Reich D., Partial uracil–DNA–glycosylase treatment for screening of ancient DNA. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 370, 20130624 (2015). 25487342 PMC4275898 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Blank extractions and library preparations were included and analyzed for each sample batch to control for potential laboratory contamination.

    “(i) To control for potential laboratory contamination, blank extractions and library preparations were included and analyzed for each sample batch (data file S3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Pairwise allele mismatch rates of all newly reported individuals were calculated to avoid bias from including related individuals in analyzed populations.

    “To avoid bias associated with including related individuals into analyzed populations, we calculated the pairwise allele mismatch rates of all newly reported individuals following a method described elsewhere (fig. S1) (42).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Kennett D. J., Plog S., George R. J., Culleton B. J., Watson A. S., Skoglund P., Rohland N., Mallick S., Stewardson K., Kistler L., LeBlanc S. A., Whiteley P. M., Reich D., Perry G. H., Archaeogenomic evidence reveals prehistoric matrilineal dynasty. Nat. Commun. 8, 14115 (2017). 28221340 PMC5321759 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Levels of DNA deamination damage in the mapped reads were estimated using mapDamage (v2.0) and compared to expected values in ancient skeletal element.

    “(ii) Levels of DNA deamination damage in the mapped reads were estimated using mapDamage (v2.0) (39) and compared to the expected values in ancient skeletal element.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Jónsson H., Ginolhac A., Schubert M., Johnson P. L. F., Orlando L., mapDamage2.0: Fast approximate Bayesian estimates of ancient DNA damage parameters. Bioinformatics 29, 1682– 1684 (2013). 23613487 PMC3694634 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Strand-ambiguous SNPs were discarded, and quality filters were as those for the HO dataset.

    “Strand-ambiguous SNPs were discarded, and quality filters were as those for the HO dataset.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
26 of 26

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Earlier genetic analyses modeled the genomes of Middle to Late Bronze Age people of the Southern Levant as having almost equal shares of earlier local populations (Levant_N) and populations related to the Chalcolithic Zagros, suggesting a movement from the northeast into the Southern Levant.

    “Earlier genetic analyses modeled the genomes of Middle to Late Bronze Age people of the Southern Levant as having almost equal shares of earlier local populations (Levant_N) and populations that are related to the Chalcolithic Zagros (Feldman et al., 2019; Haber et al., 2017; Lazaridis et al., 2016), suggesting a movement from the northeast into the Southern Levant.”

    From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Feldman et al., 2019

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Previous ancient DNA studies published genome-scale data for 13 individuals from four Bronze Age sites in the Southern Levant.

    “Previous ancient DNA studies published genome-scale data for 13 individuals from four Bronze Age sites in the Southern Levant: three individuals from ‘Ain Ghazal in present-day Jordan, dated to ~2300 BCE (Intermediate Bronze Age) (Lazaridis et al., 2016); five from Sidon in present-day Lebanon, dated to ~1750 BCE (Middle Bronze Age) (Haber et al., 2017); two from Tel Shadud in present-day Israel,”

    From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Feldman et al., 2019

  • All Bronze and Iron Age Levant individuals form a tight cluster, except for three outliers from Megiddo, and previously identified outliers from the Ashkelon population known as IA1.

    “All Bronze and Iron Age Levant individuals (blue and green shapes) form a tight cluster, except for three outliers from Megiddo, and previously identified outliers from the Ashkelon population known as IA1 (Iron Age I; Feldman et al., 2019).”

    From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Feldman et al., 2019

  • Ashkelon IA1 has previously been reported to harbor European ancestry.

    “Ashkelon IA1 has previously been reported to harbor European ancestry and so our finding that it is genetically differentiated from contemporary groups is unsurprising (Feldman et al., 2019).”

    From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Feldman et al., 2019

  • Ashkelon IA1 is genetically differentiated from contemporary groups.

    “Ashkelon IA1 has previously been reported to harbor European ancestry and so our finding that it is genetically differentiated from contemporary groups is unsurprising (Feldman et al., 2019).”

    From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Feldman et al., 2019

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Late Bronze Age radiocarbon range disagrees with Table 1

    Minor

    The text gives 1542 BCE as the recent end of the two dated ASH_LBA individuals' range, but Table 1 dates ASH029 to 1522 BCE.

  • Figure 3A names different comparison populations

    Minor

    The results text says Figure 3A shows a comparison of ASH_IA1 with ASH_LBA, while its caption says the plotted statistic compares ASH_IA1 with ASH_IA2.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. A. Yasur-Landau The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age (Cambridge Univ. Press 2014).
  2. L. E. Stager The impact of the Sea Peoples in Canaan (1185–1050 BCE) in The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land T. E. Levy Ed. (Leicester Univ. Press 1995) pp. 332–348.
  3. E. S. Sherratt Immigration and archaeology: Some indirect reflections in Acta Cypria. Acts of on International Congress on Cypriote Archaeology Göteborg om 22-24 August 1991 P. Åström Ed. (Jonsered 1992) vol. 2 pp. 316–347.
  4. S. Sherratt Sea Peoples and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the Eastern Mediterranean in Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE S. Gitin A. Mazar E. Sterm Eds. (Israel Exploration Society 1998) pp. 292–313.
  5. A. Cohen-Weinberger “Petrography of Middle Bronze Age 2 pottery: Implications to understanding Egypto-Canaanite relations ” thesis Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel (2008).
  6. J. L. Baker “The Middle and Late Bronze Age tomb complex at Ashkelon Israel: The architecture and the funeral kit ” thesis Brown University Providence RI (2003).
  7. D. M. Master Iron I chronology at Ashkelon: Preliminary results of the Leon Levy Expedition in The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology Text and Science (Equinox Publishing 2005) pp. 337–348.

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Authors
Feldman, M., Master, D. M., Bianco, R. A., Burri, M., Stockhammer, P. W., Mittnik, A., Aja, A. J., Jeong, C., & Krause, J.
Affiliations
  • Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology (DE)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Seoul National University (KR)
Corresponding author
  • Jeong, Choongwon
  • Krause, Johannes
ORCID
Venue
Science Advances
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published
2019-07-05
Volume
5
Issue
7
Pages
eaax0061-eaax0061
ISSN
2375-2548 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1126/sciadv.aax0061
PMC
PMC6609216
OpenAlex
W2955211334
Semantic Scholar
2848b0288f6bff12a27f35d1c78d61966d056d0e
Cited by
120
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 5
FWCI
7.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Science Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Leon Levy Foundation
  • Max Planck Society
  • Max Planck−Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean (MHAAM), Jena, Germany & Cambridge, MA, USA
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology › Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies
Keywords
Philistines, Ashkelon, Iron Age, Sea Peoples, Bronze Age, population structure, European admixture, migration, ancient DNA, genetic origin, cultural change
MeSH terms
DNA, Ancient, Genetics, Population, Humans, White People, History, Ancient, Genome-Wide Association Study, Human Migration

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