The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years
Open accessAbstract
We assembled genome-wide data from 271 ancient Iberians, of whom 176 are from the largely unsampled period after 2000 BCE, thereby providing a high-resolution time transect of the Iberian Peninsula. We document high genetic substructure between northwestern and southeastern hunter-gatherers before the spread of farming. We reveal sporadic contacts between Iberia and North Africa by ~2500 BCE and, by ~2000 BCE, the replacement of 40% of Iberia's ancestry and nearly 100% of its Y-chromosomes by people with Steppe ancestry. We show that, in the Iron Age, Steppe ancestry had spread not only into Indo-European-speaking regions but also into non-Indo-European-speaking ones, and we reveal that present-day Basques are best described as a typical Iron Age population without the admixture events that later affected the rest of Iberia. Additionally, we document how, beginning at least in the Roman period, the ancestry of the peninsula was transformed by gene flow from North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean.
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We identified 17 individuals as being first, second, or third degree relatives of other individuals in the dataset.
“We used the method described in (Olalde et al., 2019) to identify 17 individuals as being first, second, or third degree relatives of other individuals in the dataset.”
From The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant (2020) · cites this paper as Olalde et al., 2019
The paper’s analysis overview says it excluded first-degree relatives from its dataset, showing that Olalde et al. assessed close relationships. The passages found do not describe a method for identifying first-, second-, and third-degree relatives. The 17 individuals are the citing authors’ own result, not a finding attributed to Olalde et al. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Olalde, I., Mallick, S., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Villalba-Mouco, V., Silva, M., Dulias, K., Edwards, C. J., Gandini, F., Pala, M., Soares, P., Ferrando-Bernal, M., Adamski, N., Broomandkhoshbacht, N., Cheronet, O., Culleton, B. J., Fernandes, D., Lawson, A. M., Mah, M., Oppenheimer, J., Stewardson, K., Zhang, Z., Jiménez Arenas, J. M., Toro Moyano, I. J., Salazar-García, D. C., Castanyer, P., Santos, M., Tremoleda, J., Lozano, M., García Borja, P., Fernández-Eraso, J., Mujika-Alustiza, J. A., Barroso, C., Bermúdez, F. J., Viguera Mínguez, E., Burch, J., Coromina, N., Vivó, D., Cebrià, A., Fullola, J. M., García-Puchol, O., Morales, J. I., Oms, F. X., Majó, T., Vergès, J. M., Díaz-Carvajal, A., Ollich-Castanyer, I., López-Cachero, F. J., Silva, A. M., Alonso-Fernández, C., Delibes de Castro, G., Jiménez Echevarría, J., Moreno-Márquez, A., Pascual Berlanga, G., Ramos-García, P., Ramos-Muñoz, J., Vijande Vila, E., Aguilella Arzo, G., Esparza Arroyo, Á., Lillios, K. T., Mack, J., Velasco-Vázquez, J., Waterman, A., Benítez de Lugo Enrich, L., Benito Sánchez, M., Agustí, B., Codina, F., de Prado, G., Estalrrich, A., Fernández Flores, Á., Finlayson, C., Finlayson, G., Finlayson, S., Giles-Guzmán, F., Rosas, A., Barciela González, V., García Atiénzar, G., Hernández Pérez, M. S., Llanos, A., Carrión Marco, Y., Collado Beneyto, I., López-Serrano, D., Sanz Tormo, M., Valera, A. C., Blasco, C., Liesau, C., Ríos, P., Daura, J., de Pedro Michó, M. J., Diez-Castillo, A. A., Flores Fernández, R., Francès Farré, J., Garrido-Pena, R., Gonçalves, V. S., Guerra-Doce, E., Herrero-Corral, A. M., Juan-Cabanilles, J., López-Reyes, D., McClure, S. B., Merino Pérez, M., Oliver Foix, A., Sanz Borràs, M., Sousa, A. C., Vidal Encinas, J. M., Kennett, D. J., Richards, M. B., Werner Alt, K., Haak, W., Pinhasi, R., Lalueza-Fox, C., & Reich, D.
- Affiliations
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- University of Huddersfield (GB)
- University of Minho (PT)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Museo Arqueológico y Etnológico de Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Departamento de Geografía, Prehistoria y Arqueología, Grupo de Investigación en Prehistoria, (UPV-EHU)/IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, Spain.
- Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya (ES)
- Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya-Empúries, L'Escala, Spain.
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (ES)
- Departamento de Prehistoria e Historia Antigua, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Valencia, Spain.
- Departamento de Geografía, Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad del País Vasco, Vitoria, Spain.
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación de Prehistoria y Evolución Humana (FIPEH), Lucena, Spain.
- Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
- Universitat de Girona (ES)
- Institut de Recerca Històrica, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- SERP, Departament d’Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- PREMEDOC Research Group, Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Historia Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Tarragona, Spain.
- Laboratory of Prehistory, Research Center for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Cronos S.C. Arqueología y Patrimonio, Burgos, Spain.
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
- Departamento de Historia, Geografía y Filosofía, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Servicio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Prehistóricas de la Diputación de Castellón, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
- GIR PrehUSAL, Departamento de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
- University of Iowa (US)
- Departamento de Ciencias Históricas, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
- Mount Mercy University (US)
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Psiquiatría y Anatomía Patológica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Museu d'Arqueologia de Catalunya-Ullastret, Ullastret, Spain.
- Universidad de Cantabria (ES)
- Arqueología y Gestión S.L.L., Fuentes de Andalucia, Spain.
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Gibraltar Museum (GI)
- The Gibraltar National Museum, Gibraltar.
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología e Historia Antigua, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.
- Instituto Alavés de Arqueología, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Historia Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain.
- Museu Arqueológic Vicent Casanova, Bocairent, Spain.
- Estrats, Treballs d'Arqueologia SL, El Campello, Spain.
- ERA Arqueologia (PT)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Museu de Prehistòria de València, València, Spain.
- GRAM Research Group, Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Historia Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain.
- Museu i Poblat Ibèric de Ca n'Oliver, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Museu de Prehistòria de València (ES)
- Arqueovitis sccl., Avinyonet del Penedès, Spain.
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Unitat d'Antropologia Física, Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Junta de Castilla y León, Servicio de Cultura de León, León, Spain.
- Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria.
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology (DE)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Corresponding author
- Reich, David
- ORCID
- Olalde, Iñigo
- Mallick, Swapan
- Patterson, Nick
- Rohland, Nadin
- Silva, Marina
- Dulias, Katharina
- Edwards, Ceiridwen J.
- Gandini, Francesca
- Pala, Maria
- Soares, Pedro
- Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel
- Adamski, Nicole
- Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen
- Cheronet, Olivia
- Culleton, Brendan J.
- Fernandes, Daniel
- Lawson, Ann Marie
- Mah, Matthew
- Oppenheimer, Jonas
- Zhang, Zhao
- Jiménez Arenas, Juan Manuel
- Castanyer, Pere
- Santos, Marta
- Tremoleda, Joaquim
- Lozano, Marina
- Fernández-Eraso, Javier
- Barroso, Cecilio
- Bermúdez, Francisco J.
- Viguera Mínguez, Enrique
- Burch, Josep
- Coromina, Neus
- Vivó, David
- Cebrià, Artur
- Fullola, Josep Maria
- García-Puchol, Oreto
- Morales, Juan Ignacio
- Oms, F. Xavier
- Vergès, Josep Maria
- Ollich-Castanyer, Imma
- López-Cachero, F. Javier
- Silva, Ana Maria
- Alonso-Fernández, Carmen
- Delibes de Castro, Germán
- Jiménez Echevarría, Javier
- Moreno-Márquez, Adolfo
- Pascual Berlanga, Guillermo
- Ramos-García, Pablo
- Ramos-Muñoz, José
- Vijande Vila, Eduardo
- Aguilella Arzo, Gustau
- Esparza Arroyo, Ángel
- Lillios, Katina T.
- Mack, Jennifer
- Velasco-Vázquez, Javier
- Waterman, Anna
- Benítez de Lugo Enrich, Luis
- de Prado, Gabriel
- Estalrrich, Almudena
- Finlayson, Clive
- Finlayson, Geraldine
- Finlayson, Stewart
- Giles-Guzmán, Francisco
- Rosas, Antonio
- Barciela González, Virginia
- García Atiénzar, Gabriel
- Hernández Pérez, Mauro S.
- Carrión Marco, Yolanda
- Collado Beneyto, Isabel
- López-Serrano, David
- Sanz Tormo, Mario
- Valera, António C.
- Blasco, Concepción
- Liesau, Corina
- Ríos, Patricia
- Daura, Joan
- Diez-Castillo, Agustín A.
- Flores Fernández, Raúl
- Francès Farré, Joan
- Garrido-Pena, Rafael
- Gonçalves, Victor S.
- Guerra-Doce, Elisa
- Herrero-Corral, Ana Mercedes
- López-Reyes, Daniel
- McClure, Sarah B.
- Sanz Borràs, Montserrat
- Sousa, Ana Catarina
- Vidal Encinas, Julio Manuel
- Kennett, Douglas J.
- Richards, Martin B.
- Haak, Wolfgang
- Pinhasi, Ron
- Lalueza-Fox, Carles
- Reich, David
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2019-03-15
- Volume
- 363
- Issue
- 6432
- Pages
- 1230-1234
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC6436108
- OpenAlex
- W2922043930
- Cited by
- 552
- References
- 140
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 38
- FWCI
- 38.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- zaguan.unizar.es
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zaguan (Universidad de Zaragoza) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) (submittedVersion)
- Huddersfield Research Portal (University of Huddersfield) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (University of Málaga) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository of Digital Objects for Teaching Research and Culture (University of Valencia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- RUA, Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Alicante (Universidad de Alicante) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (GM100233)
- US National Science Foundation (BCS-1032255)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Keywords
- hunter-gatherers, Neolithic transition, Steppe ancestry, Iron Age, Basques, Roman period, genetic substructure
- MeSH terms
- Africa, Northern, Agriculture, Humans, Portugal, Spain, Genome, Human, Genomics, Chromosomes, Human, Y, History, Ancient, Gene Flow, Human Migration
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