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Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system
Open accessAbstract
Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system both to elicit immediate defense and to generate long-lasting adaptive immunity. To detect and respond to vastly different groups of pathogens, the innate immune system uses several recognition systems that rely on sensing common structural and functional features associated with different classes of microorganisms. These recognition systems determine microbial location, viability, replication and pathogenicity. Detection of these features by recognition pathways of the innate immune system is translated into different classes of effector responses though specialized populations of dendritic cells. Multiple mechanisms for the induction of immune responses are variations on a common design principle wherein the cells that sense infections produce one set of cytokines to induce lymphocytes to produce another set of cytokines, which in turn activate effector responses. Here we discuss these emerging principles of innate control of adaptive immunity.
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“TLRs do not directly initiate phagocytosis but facilitate it more effectively [27].”
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“In more than 400 healthy, middle to early old age participants drawn from the Whitehall II Cohort study, self-reported short sleep duration in men, but not in women, was related to shorter leukocyte telomere length”
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“Adaptive immune responses are tailored specifically to individual pathogens, while non-adaptive immunity (comprised of “intrinsic” and “innate” responses) provides an initial barrier to invading pathogens (Iwasaki and Medzhitov, 2015).”
BackgroundDrosophila as a Model to Study Brain Innate Immunity in Health and Disease
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“Innate immunity represents the first line of defense against microbial invaders and plays a significant role in limiting pathogen spread as well as in activating the long-lasting adaptive immunity [1,2].”
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“release of pro- or anti-inflammatory molecules [3, 4].”
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“These specialized lymphocytes ‘ essential functions include the recognition of pathogens and the instigation of adaptive immune responses (77, 78).”
Inflammatory and Immunological Basis of Periodontal Diseases
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“The innate immune system responds to microbial components or products through activation of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are transmembrane pattern recognition receptors located either on the cell surface or in the endosomes.(4) Several regulatory mechanisms that control TL…”
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“DCs are those innate cells that most acutely reflect innate control of adaptive immunity (111) as these sentinels of the immune system transition innate to adaptive immune responses owing to their proficient antigen-presenting function and migratory capacity (112).”
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“Macrophages and DCs possess several pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), and C-type lectin receptors, that are capable of recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (21).”
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“The T-cell activation depends on the innate immune response which is the first barrier of defence to monitor and detect molecular alterations in cancer cells [96].”
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“49 Interestingly, some level of local tumor cell death is described to take place following BO-112 single-agent intratumoral delivery.”
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“Dectin-1 signaling triggered transient and intermediate expression of interferon (IFN)-β in DCs, which was mediated by the opposed activities of transcription factors IRF1 and IRF5.”
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“When exogenous pathogens invade the host, the innate immune system props up the first defense [21,22], meanwhile releasing inflammation-related factors that may interfere with the function of bone-forming cells [23,24].”
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BackgroundHuman CD4+ T Helper Cell Responses after Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccination and Infection
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Respiratory syncytial virus infection: an innate perspective
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Cancer vaccines in the era of checkpoint blockade: the magic is in the adjuvant
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“quently serving as a bridge between these two types of responses.(2,227,228)”
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“The cells of the innate immune system control and clear invasion via various mechanisms, such as release of cytotoxic molecules, engagement of more immune cells, complement pathway activation, or activation of the phagocytosis process [9].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Iwasaki, A., & Medzhitov, R.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Iwasaki, Akiko
- Medzhitov, Ruslan
- Venue
- Nature Immunology
- Published
- 2015-03-19
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 343-353
- ISSN
- 1529-2908 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2916
- PMC
- PMC4507498
- OpenAlex
- W2044757050
- Cited by
- 2,160
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 183 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 181 · 2023: 193 · 2022: 204 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 216 · 2019: 189 · 2018: 187 · 2017: 167 · 2016: 157 · 2015: 31
- FWCI
- 17.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI064705, AI062428, AI 064705, R01AI062428, AI 081884, R56AI062428, AI089771, R01AI089771, R01AI054359, R37AI046688, AI046688, R01AI081884, R01AI046688)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK071754, R01DK071754)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- innate immunity, adaptive immunity, innate-adaptive immune crosstalk, pathogen recognition, dendritic cells, cytokines, lymphocyte activation, microbial infection, pattern recognition receptors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Dendritic Cells, Fungi, Gene Expression Regulation, Helminths, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Intestines, Lung, Skin, Viruses, Lymphocyte Subsets, Cytokines, Receptors, Pattern Recognition, Adaptive Immunity
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