Regulatory T cells promote myelin regeneration in the central nervous system
Open accessAbstract
Regeneration of myelin is a dynamic, yet enigmatic process. Dombrowski et al. uncover a central role for regulatory T (Treg) cells in driving oligodendrocyte differentiation, in part via CCN3, a novel factor in Treg function and oligodendrocyte biology. This identifies Treg cells as key cellular players in efficient remyelination. Regeneration of CNS myelin involves differentiation of oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In multiple sclerosis, remyelination can fail despite abundant oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, suggesting impairment of oligodendrocyte differentiation. T cells infiltrate the CNS in multiple sclerosis, yet little is known about T cell functions in remyelination. We report that regulatory T cells (Treg) promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and (re)myelination. Treg-deficient mice exhibited substantially impaired remyelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation, which was rescued by adoptive transfer of Treg. In brain slice cultures, Treg accelerated developmental myelination and remyelination, even in the absence of overt inflammation. Treg directly promoted oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and myelination in vitro. We identified CCN3 as a Treg-derived mediator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vitro. These findings reveal a new regenerative function of Treg in the CNS, distinct from immunomodulation. Although the cells were originally named 'Treg' to reflect immunoregulatory roles, this also captures emerging, regenerative Treg functions.
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Dombrowski and colleagues demonstrated that T reg cells promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin repair, counteracting the pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of Th1, Th17, and cytotoxic T cell subpopulations.
“In a recent study, Dombrowski and colleagues demonstrated that T reg cells promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin repair counteracting the well-known pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of T h 1, T h 17, and cytotoxic T cell subpopulations (Dombrowski et al., 2017).”
From Cuprizone‐induced demyelination triggers a <scp>CD8</scp>‐pronounced T cell recruitment (2021) · cites this paper as Dombrowski et al., 2017
The Results sections on remyelination in vivo and oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro show that Treg promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin repair (page numbers unavailable in our copy). But the paper does not show that this repair counteracts the effects of Th1, Th17, or cytotoxic T cells. The Discussion describes the regenerative effect as distinct from immunomodulation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth detrimental and reparative effects of CD3+ lymphocytes have been demonstrated in MS animal models, including delay of and promotion of remyelination.
“In principle, both detrimental and reparative effects of CD3 + lymphocytes have been demonstrated in MS animal models including the delay of, and promotion of remyelination (Baxi et al., 2015;Bieber, Kerr, & Rodriguez, 2003;Dombrowski et al., 2017;Wagner, Roqué, Mileur, Liggitt, & Goverman, 2020;Wang et al., 2010).”
From Cuprizone‐induced demyelination triggers a <scp>CD8</scp>‐pronounced T cell recruitment (2021) · cites this paper as Dombrowski et al., 2017
The Introduction says T cells can cause myelin damage and are required for successful remyelination. The Results show that CD3+ regulatory T cells are present in mouse lesions and that depleting them impairs remyelination. The paper does not show that CD3+ lymphocytes delay remyelination; its detrimental example concerns demyelination, not delayed repair. Our copy provides section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTreg cells can promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and, thereby, myelin regeneration in the central nervous system.
“For example, Treg cells can promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and, thereby, myelin regeneration in the central nervous system [450].”
From Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition) (2021) · cites this paper as [450]
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Disease Tolerance as an Inherent Component of Immunity
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Roles of Regulatory T Cells in Tissue Pathophysiology and Metabolism
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“168,169 Aging affects B cell function, reducing antibody speci fi city and memory B cell formation, increasing the susceptibility of elderly individuals to infections and in fl ammation.”
Imbalance of Circulating Th17 and Regulatory T Cells in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case Control Study
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The Contribution of Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis in the Development of Brain Disorders
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Epigenetic mechanisms regulating T-cell responses
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Lesion stage-dependent causes for impaired remyelination in MS
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“We and others have shown that Treg promote repair of skeletal muscle [12, 13], skin [14], lung [15], bone [16], central nervous system [17] and peripheral vascular system [18] after injury.”
BackgroundBiocompatibility Evolves: Phenomenology to Toxicology to Regeneration
Crawford, L., Wyatt, M., Bryers, J. D., & Ratner, B. D. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202002153 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Harnessing regulatory T cell neuroprotective activities for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders
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“Promotion of neurogenesis [203] and remyelination [18].”
Burton, O. T., Bricard, O., Tareen, S. H. K., Gergelits, V., Andrews, S. R., Biggins, L., Roca, C. P., Whyte, C., Junius, S., Brajic, A., et al. (2024) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.023 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation in Mood Disorders: Role of Regulatory Immune Cells
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Inflammation in multiple sclerosis: consequences for remyelination and disease progression
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Implications of Diet and The Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hirschberg, S., Gisevius, B., Duscha, A., & Haghikia, A. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20123109 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Concerning indirect effects, it has been shown that Treg are able to exert neuroprotection by increasing remyelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation [85].”
BackgroundRemyelination and ageing: Reversing the ravages of time
Neumann, B., Segel, M., Chalut, K. J., & Franklin, R. J. M. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458519884006 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Dynamic Inflammatory Tissue Microenvironment: Signality and Disease Therapy by Biomaterials
Mata, R., Yao, Y., Cao, W., Ding, J., Zhou, T., Zhai, Z., & Gao, C.-Y. (2021) · Research · doi:10.34133/2021/4189516 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“T-regs from various tissues are recruited to the injury site to promote inflammation resolution and control immunity [66], where they can indirectly modulate regeneration by regulating neutrophils, stimulating macrophage polarization, and controlling T helper cells [67, 68].”
BackgroundThe Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
Ziemkiewicz, N., Hilliard, G. M., Pullen, N., & Garg, K. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22063265 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Tepavčević, V., & Lubetzki, C. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac307 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
FOXP3+ macrophage represses acute ischemic stroke-induced neural inflammation
Cai, W., Hu, M., Li, C., Wu, R., Lu, D., Xie, C., Zhang, W., Li, T., Shen, S., Huang, H., et al. (2022) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2022.2116833 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Besides, we observed that FOXP3 bound to several trophic factor genes, including Areg and Ccn3 (Table S2), which were reported to secreted by FOXP3 Tregs [15,16].”
BackgroundWang, Y., Sadike, D., Huang, B., Li, P., Wu, Q. Y., Jiang, N., Fang, Y., Song, G., Xu, L., Wang, W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02721-0 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Besides, Tregs-derived cytokines may interact directly with oligodendrocytes and facilitate myelin repair [23].”
BackgroundOuaamari, Y. E., den Bos, J. V., Willekens, B. M. P., Cools, N., & Wens, I. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043866 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Changes in the Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Proteome with Ageing
de la Fuente, A. G., Queiroz, R. M. L., Ghosh, T., McMurran, C. E., Cubillos, J. F., Bergles, D. E., Fitzgerald, D. C., Jones, C. A., Lilley, K. S., Glover, C. P. J., et al. (2020) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.ra120.002102 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationA conserved Bacteroidetes antigen induces anti-inflammatory intestinal T lymphocytes
Bousbaine, D., Fisch, L., London, M., Bhagchandani, P., Castro, T. B. R., Mimee, M., Olesen, S. W., Reis, B. S., VanInsberghe, D., Bortolatto, J., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg5645 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cekanaviciute, E., Pröbstel, A., Thomann, A. S., Runia, T. F., Casaccia, P., Sand, I. K., Crabtree, E., Singh, S., Morrissey, J., Barba, P., et al. (2018) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00083-18 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“MS pathogenesis is in part mediated by effector T lymphocytes, and counterbalanced by Tregs, which limit the autoimmune damage inflicted by the former population (7, 8) and potentially promote remyelination (9).”
BackgroundRegulatory T Cells Promote Apelin-Mediated Sprouting Angiogenesis in Type 2 Diabetes
Leung, O. M., Li, J., Li, X., Chan, V. W., Yang, Y., Ku, M., Ji, L., Sun, H., Waldmann, H., Tian, X. Y., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.019 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Emerging evidence demonstrates that they accumulate in injured tissues and promote wound healing and regeneration of multiple organ systems, including heart muscle (Weirather et al., 2014), skeletal muscle (Burzyn et al., 2013), skin (Ali et al., 2017), and central nervous (Dombrowski et al., 2017).”
BackgroundListon, A., Pasciuto, E., Fitzgerald, D. C., & Yshii, L. (2023) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-023-00960-z · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“CCN3 production is important 57 but not essential 61 for this process, with additional molecular mediators potentially including ITGA2 and MCAM influencing oligodendrocyte precursors 62 , and osteopontin working via microglial reprogramming 53 .”
Self-citationReparative T lymphocytes in organ injury
D’Alessio, F. R., Kurzhagen, J. T., & Rabb, H. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci124614 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“CNS Cuprizone-induced demyelination Tregs Promoted oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin regeneration via CCN3 (137)”
BackgroundShibahara, T., Ago, T., Nakamura, K., Tachibana, M., Yoshikawa, Y., Komori, M., Yamanaka, K., Wakisaka, Y., & Kitazono, T. (2020) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0474-19.2020 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Pawlak, M., Ho, A. W., & Kuchroo, V. K. (2020) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2020.09.001 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Treg cell therapy: How cell heterogeneity can make the difference
Giganti, G., Atif, M., Mohseni, Y., Mastronicola, D., Grageda, N., Povoleri, G. A., Miyara, M., & Scottà, C. (2021) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201948131 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells in injury, repair, and resolution
Placek, K., Schultze, J. L., & Aschenbrenner, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci124619 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“On the other hand, recent studies show a protective role of T cells in CNS injury (144), acute kidney injury (145), myocardial infarction (146), and muscle repair (137).”
InfluentialDavoli-Ferreira, M., de Lima, K. A., Fonseca, M. M., Guimarães, R. M., Gomes, F. I. F., Cavallini, M. C. M., de Quadros, A. U., Kusuda, R., Cunha, F. Q., Alves-Filho, J. C., et al. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001879 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“models of neuronal damage through mechanisms distinct from immunomodulation.(16,29) One important question that emerged from these results was which cell-intrinsic mechanism allowed Treg cells to play an antinociceptive role in our model.”
BackgroundDiet-dependent regulation of TGFβ impairs reparative innate immune responses after demyelination
Bosch-Queralt, M., Cantuti-Castelvetri, L., Damkou, A., Schifferer, M., Schlepckow, K., Alexopoulos, I., Lütjohann, D., Klose, C., Vaculčiaková, L., Masuda, T., et al. (2021) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-021-00341-7 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Brain-resident regulatory T cells and their role in health and disease
Liston, A., Dooley, J., & Yshii, L. (2022) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2022.06.005 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Duffy, S. S., Keating, B. A., Perera, C. J., Lees, J. G., Tonkin, R. S., Makker, P. G. S., Carrive, P., Butovsky, O., & Moalem‐Taylor, G. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1815-18.2019 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“We then used flow cytometry to look for the presence of GFP Treg cells in central tissues and assess the composition of the CNS inflammatory infiltrate in EAE mice injected with Treg cells compared with EAE mice injected with saline on day 32 after EAE induction.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialImmune‐ and non‐immune‐mediated roles of regulatory T‐cells during wound healing
Zaiss, D. M. W., Minutti, C. M., & Knipper, J. A. (2019) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13057 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Microglia: origins, homeostasis, and roles in myelin repair
Lloyd, A. F., Davies, C. L., & Miron, V. E. (2017) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Central Nervous System Remyelination: Roles of Glia and Innate Immune Cells
Baaklini, C. S., Rawji, K. S., Duncan, G. J., Ho, M. F. S., & Plemel, J. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00225 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Spatial dynamics of brain development and neuroinflammation
Zhang, D., Kirby, L. A., Lin, Y., Wang, W., Song, M., Wang, L., Wang, L., Kanatani, S., Jimenez-Beristain, T., Dang, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09663-y · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Cross-Talk of the CNS With Immune Cells and Functions in Health and Disease
Matejuk, A., Vandenbark, A. A., & Offner, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.672455 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“In this context, oligodendrocyte lineage cells are also responsive to factors produced by regulatory T and B cells that improve remyelination and repair processes (113, 114).”
BackgroundThe Role of Astrocytes in Remyelination
Rawji, K. S., Martinez, G. A. G., Sharma, A., & Franklin, R. J. M. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.05.006 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationPu, A., Stephenson, E. L., & Yong, V. W. (2018) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23333 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The recent report that Tregs promote remyelination is attributed to their production of the secreted ECM-associated signaling protein nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV, CCN3; Dombrowski et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTargeting Regulatory T Cells to Treat Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Mizui, M., & Tsokos, G. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00786 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“More recently, Tregs were demonstrated to promote directly myelin regeneration in the central nervous system indecently of immunomodulation (49).”
BackgroundTNFR2 promotes Treg-mediated recovery from neuropathic pain across sexes
Fischer, R., Sendetski, M., del Rivero, T., Martinez, G. F., Bracchi-Ricard, V. C., Swanson, K. A., Pruzinsky, E., Delguercio, N., Rosalino, M. J., Padutsch, T., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1902091116 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Since both Tregs and TNFR2 on central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells, such as microglia, have been shown to reduce neuroinflammation and to promote neuroprotection (15, 30, 31), we investigated whether EHD2-sc-mTNFR2 was transported into the spinal cord.”
Protective and Regenerative Roles of T Cells in Central Nervous System Disorders
Evans, F., Dittmer, M., de la Fuente, A. G., & Fitzgerald, D. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02171 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Treg-conditioned media were also shown to significantly increase myelination and remyelination in ex vivo brain stem slice cultures, and significantly increase oligodendrocyte differentiation in both murine mixed glia and pure OPC culture models (101).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTreg–tissue cell interactions in repair and regeneration
Loffredo, L. F., Savage, T. M., Ringham, O. R., & Arpaia, N. (2024) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20231244 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Role of the immune system in regeneration and its dynamic interplay with adult stem cells
Abnave, P., & Ghigo, É. (2018) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Role of Peripheral Immune Cells for Development and Recovery of Chronic Pain
Bethea, J. R., & Fischer, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.641588 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“CNP can result as a consequence of a large number of medical conditions, such as injuries to the PNS or CNS, metabolic, autoimmune or neurodegenerative diseases as well as cancer and chemotherapy (4, 5).”
BackgroundInfluentialCervantes-Llanos, M., Lagumersindez-Denis, N., Marín-Prida, J., Pavón-Fuentes, N., Falcon-Cama, V., Piniella-Matamoros, B., Camacho-Rodríguez, H., Fernández-Massó, J. R., Valenzuela-Silva, C., Raíces-Cruz, I., et al. (2018) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.032 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Pentón-Rol, G., Marín-Prida, J., & McCarty, M. F. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x19666210408123807 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“In this line of thinking, another interesting observation related to Treg in MS was reported by Dombrowski et al. (2017).”
Zveik, O., Rechtman, A., Ganz, T., & Vaknin‐Dembinsky, A. (2024) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-024-00742-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“These are further validated by prior research, which has indicated that experimental depletion of macrophages [134], and B or T cells [161, 189] leads to remyelination impairment.”
ResultÁlvarez‐Sánchez, N., Cruz‐Chamorro, I., Díaz‐Sánchez, M., Sarmiento‐Soto, H., Medrano‐Campillo, P., Martínez‐López, A., Lardone, P. J., Guerrero, J. M., & Carrillo‐Vico, A. (2017) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12442 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“In addition to limiting pathogenic responses, Tregs also promote remyelination in vivo.(29) The peripheral frequency of Tregs in MS patients have been found to be unaltered 31 or decreased(32) compared with those in healthy controls, but the cells are functionally impaired, with a decreased proliferative capacity in v…”
BackgroundCrossing boundaries: Interplay between the immune system and oligodendrocyte lineage cells
Kirby, L. A., & Castelo‐Branco, G. (2020) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.013 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Regulatory T cells in peripheral tissue tolerance and diseases
Cheru, N. T., Hafler, D. A., & Sumida, T. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154575 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Promises and limitations of immune cell-based therapies in neurological disorders
Hu, X., Leak, R. K., Thomson, A. W., Yu, F., Xia, Y., Wechsler, L. R., & Chen, J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-018-0028-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
T reg cell–intrinsic requirements for ST2 signaling in health and neuroinflammation
Hemmers, S., Schizas, M., & Rudensky, A. Y. (2020) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20201234 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Modeling Immunity In Vitro: Slices, Chips, and Engineered Tissues
Hammel, J. H., Cook, S. R., Belanger, M. C., Munson, J. M., & Pompano, R. R. (2021) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082420-124920 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“T cell interactions with neurons are also a topic of interest in brain slice studies (144, 145).”
McIntyre, L. L., Greilach, S. A., Othy, S., Sears‐Kraxberger, I., Wi, B., Angulo, J. A. A., Vu, E., Pham, Q., Silva, J., Dang, K., et al. (2020) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104868 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dombrowski, Y., O'Hagan, T., Dittmer, M., Penalva, R., Mayoral, S. R., Bankhead, P., Fleville, S., Eleftheriadis, G., Zhao, C., Naughton, M., Hassan, R., Moffat, J., Falconer, J., Boyd, A., Hamilton, P., Allen, I. V., Kissenpfennig, A., Moynagh, P. N., Evergren, E., Perbal, B., Williams, A. C., Ingram, R. J., Chan, J. R., Franklin, R. J. M., & Fitzgerald, D. C.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute (GB)
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine (GB)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Fitzgerald, Denise C
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2017-03-13
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 674-680
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC5409501
- OpenAlex
- W2595073340
- Cited by
- 533
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 16
- FWCI
- 19.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
- Wellcome Trust (WT104915MA, 110138/Z/15/Z, 110138, /Z/15/Z, 097922/Z/11/Z)
- Leverhulme Trust (ECF-2014-390)
- Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Rosetrees Trust
- National Institutes of Health
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Medical Research Council (MC_PC_12009, MR/K017047/1, WT104915MA)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/J01026X/1, BB/N003721/1)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (K12GM081266)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS095889)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Mesenchymal stem cell research
- Keywords
- regulatory T cells, remyelination, oligodendrocyte differentiation, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, CCN3, multiple sclerosis, myelination, central nervous system regeneration
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cell Differentiation, Female, Male, Myelin Sheath, Oligodendroglia, Regeneration, Stem Cells, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Mice, Nephroblastoma Overexpressed Protein
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