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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Networks
Open accessAbstract
Research attempting to elucidate the neuropathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not only shed light on the disorder itself, it has simultaneously provided new insights into the mechanisms of normal cognition and attention. This review will highlight and integrate this bidirectional flow of information. Following a brief overview of ADHD clinical phenomenology, ADHD studies will be placed into a wider historical perspective by providing illustrative examples of how major models of attention have influenced the development of neurocircuitry models of ADHD. The review will then identify major components of neural systems potentially relevant to ADHD, including attention networks, reward/feedback-based processing systems, as well as a 'default mode' resting state network. Further, it will suggest ways in which these systems may interact and be influenced by neuromodulatory factors. Recent ADHD imaging data will be selectively provided to both illustrate the field's current level of knowledge and to show how such data can inform our understanding of normal brain functions. The review will conclude by suggesting possible avenues for future research.
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“This was interpreted as consistent with the hypothesis of ADHD-related dysfunction of the prefrontal-parietal, anterior cingulate, and cerebellar brain regions proposed based on anatomical and functional imaging studies”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Bush, 2010
In the citing paper
“Pharmacological, genetic and neuroimaging studies converge on the idea that ADHD is associated with deficiencies in dopamine signaling and abnormalities in dopamine-modulated fronto-striatal circuits”
From DAT1 and COMT effects on delay discounting and trait impulsivity in male adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls (2010) · cites this paper as Bush, 2010
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Do Athletes Have More of a Cognitive Profile with ADHD Criteria than Non-Athletes?
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“, hyper focusing, high energy [9,10] and environmental factors (e.”
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BackgroundNew frontiers in pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Noah, A. A., & Sedky, H. E. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-025-04328-z · Cited by 12
Potential scalp stimulation targets for mental disorders: evidence from neuroimaging studies
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The Attention Network Test in Parkinson and Lewy Body Disease: A Systematic Review
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“The orienting network involves the shifting of attention to new stimuli and the subsequent visual foveation assisting in sensory processing (Bush, 2010).”
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“63,64 The absence of TS-related effects in the other frequency bands is also consistent with the notion that TS is associated with less-widespread impairment compared with ADHD, both in terms of emotional difficulties, as reflected in the CBCL scores from the current study, and cognitive…”
Callosal dysfunction explains injury sequelae in a computational network model of axonal injury
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“Impaired attention is often observed in mTBI patients (Bonnelle et al. 2011; Malojcic et al. 2008; Niogi et al. 2008b; van Donkelaar et al. 2005), and white matter injury has been suggested as a possible anatomical correlate (Bush 2010; Ham and Sharp 2012).”
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“Abnormal working memory-related brain regions in patients with ADHD are closely related to cortical functional network dysfunction and impairment of the working memory encoding process (Bush, 2010; Con-stantinidis and Klingberg, 2016).”
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“Bush (2010) summarized the attention network in the AD/HD context based on neuroimaging data.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVisual stimulation by extensive visual media consumption can be beneficial for motor learning
Nuernberger, M., Finke, K., Nuernberger, L., Ruiz‐Rizzo, A. L., Christian Gaser, B., Klingner, C. M., Witte, O. W., & Brodoehl, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49415-4 · Cited by 5
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“…causally linked to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), an area thought to integrate sensory evidence (Philiastides, Auksztulewicz, Heekeren, & Blankenburg, 2011) and implicated previously in ADHD, both in terms of reduced activation and delayed maturation of cortical thickness (Bush, 2010).”
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“…distributed in the aMCC, leading to cognitive manifestations described in participants diagnosed with ADHD on tasks related to processing speed, the effect of a failure in tasks related to anterior/executive attentional network (Posner y Rothbart, 2009, Bush, 2010), which is summarized in Figure 1.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA novel intervention for treating adults with ADHD using peripheral visual stimulation
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“Symptoms of ADHD include inattentive and hyperactive–impulsive behaviors that persistently impact educational, occupational, interpersonal, and emotional functioning (3, 4).”
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“Furthermore, it had been shown that ADHD abnormalities were strongly associated with the ECN (Makris et al., 2009; Bush, 2010; Posner et al., 2014).”
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“FA represents the amount of hindrance/restriction experienced by water molecules along the direction of white fibers (11) and has been the DTI measurement most frequently adopted in studies of ADHD subjects (12).”
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“The classical prefrontal–striatal model (Castellanos et al., 2006) of ADHD could be extended to include other neural circuits and their relationships from the perspective of large-scale brain networks (Bush, 2010; Castellanos and Proal, 2012).”
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Resting-State fMRI Analysis Using Quantum Time-Series Transformer
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“Additionally, regions involved in visual and multisensory integration (e.g., Area Lateral Occip-ital 2, TemporoParietoOccipital Junction 2, Superior Frontal Language Area) suggest alterations in sensory processing and cognitive control, consistent with ADHD-related deficits, [36], [39].”
Additional language learning in ADHD: a call for research
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“ADHD is among the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders, and it frequently persists into adolescence and adulthood (Arnold et al., 2020; Bush, 2010; Faraone & Biederman, 2005).”
InfluentialKassaw, C., Meshcheryakova, A. А., Mekuriaw, B. Y., & Демарева, В. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1566847 · Cited by 2
“Understanding the burden of ADHD symptoms in higher education students is crucial to designing interventions that enhance students ’ lecture engagement, assignment completion, and knowledge acquisition (44, 45).”
Chen, S., Lu, C., Xue, B., Zhou, R., Bai, X., Cheng, Y., Qian, A., Yang, C., Huang, X., & Wang, M. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121718 · Cited by 3
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“…and interventional experiments in animal models, such as fecal microbiota transplantation from human Acosta-Rodriguez et al., 2007; Brown, 2006; Bush, 2010; Dalle et al., 2010; Dargenio et al., 2023; Deveau et al., 2018; Ene et al., 2014; Gaspar et al., 2025; Gładysz et al., 2018; Gringhuis et…”
Uchida, T., Matsuzawa, D., Shiohama, T., Fujii, K., Shiina, A., Naka, M., Sugita, K., Shimizu, E., Shimojo, N., & Hamada, H. (2024) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2024.144019 · Cited by 2
“ADHD patients have been reported to have working memory deficits associated with hypoactivation of the DLPFC [11].”
BackgroundPrasad, C. G., Shivappa, M., Jain, S., Girimaji, S. C., & Purushottam, M. (2024) · Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) · doi:10.25259/anams-2022-1-16-(452 · Cited by 2
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“The disruption of these processes has been proposed as being fundamental in the genesis of ADHD symptoms [68–70].”
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Person-centered Yoga Therapeutic Approach for Adult Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
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Zebrafish Models of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Greenwood, M. T. (2019) · Medical Acupuncture · doi:10.1089/acu.2019.1395 · Cited by 2
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The dopamine inhibitor GBR12909 improves attention and compulsive behaviour in female rats
Abdulkader, S., & Gigg, J. (2026) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.1101/2023.07.07.548063 · Cited by 2
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“This deviation from normality results in LLD, such as dyslexia and language impairments (Bush, 2010, Lewis and Elman, 2008), sharing also a common spectrum with autism (Whitehouse et al., 2008).”
BackgroundDaviddi, S., & Santangelo, V. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70244 · Cited by 3
“Studies have consistently shown a genetic alteration involving this neurotransmitter in individuals with ADHD (for a review, see Bush 2010).”
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“Deficits in attentional function are implicated in many psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia (Bush, 2010; Nuechterlein et al., 2015).”
Li, Y., Chen, L., Dong, W., Gong, S., Kang, Z., Wei, B., Zeng, W., Yan, H., Bian, L., Zhang, Z., et al. (2026) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2026.133721 · Cited by 2
“The superior temporal gyrus contributes to auditory processing and language comprehension, functions often impaired in ADHD populations [62].”
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Neurobiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A brief review
Altable, M., Díaz-Moreno, E., & Akram, M. (2024) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.2.0576 · Cited by 2
“For example, the risk of ADHD for children exposed to nicotine in the womb is higher if the child has inherited the 10-repeat allele of DAT1 [20].”
BackgroundChen, Y., Wang, L., Li, Z., Tang, Y., & Huan, Z. (2024) · Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering · doi:10.3934/mbe.2024256 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Bush, G.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bush, George
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2009-09-16
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 278-300
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC3055423
- OpenAlex
- W2115083032
- Cited by
- 358
- References
- 318
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR014075)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attentional networks, reward processing, default mode network, resting state, neuromodulation, normal brain function
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Humans, Neural Pathways
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