Cited by 358Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Networks

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Bush, George·2010·Neuropsychopharmacology

DOI 10.1038/npp.2009.120PMC PMC3055423

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Abstract

Research attempting to elucidate the neuropathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not only shed light on the disorder itself, it has simultaneously provided new insights into the mechanisms of normal cognition and attention. This review will highlight and integrate this bidirectional flow of information. Following a brief overview of ADHD clinical phenomenology, ADHD studies will be placed into a wider historical perspective by providing illustrative examples of how major models of attention have influenced the development of neurocircuitry models of ADHD. The review will then identify major components of neural systems potentially relevant to ADHD, including attention networks, reward/feedback-based processing systems, as well as a 'default mode' resting state network. Further, it will suggest ways in which these systems may interact and be influenced by neuromodulatory factors. Recent ADHD imaging data will be selectively provided to both illustrate the field's current level of knowledge and to show how such data can inform our understanding of normal brain functions. The review will conclude by suggesting possible avenues for future research.

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Background
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“…is associated with the suppression or deactivation of the DMN, and it has also been demonstrated that suppression of the DMN is critical for optimal working memory functioning, in that this reduces interference from sources unrelated to the task (Sonuga-Barke and Castellanos, 2007; Bush, 2010).”
Astrocyte activities in the external globus pallidus regulate action-selection strategies in reward-seeking behaviors
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“…studies related to attention have been mainly conducted in the cortical regions, such as frontoparietal circuits and prefrontal cortex, subcortical structures, including the anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, and basal ganglia, are also the critical elements of the attention network ( 67 – 71 ).”
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Examining individual differences in reading and attentional control networks utilizing an oddball fMRI task
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“This network consists of connections between the lateral frontal pole, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobe, and various subcortical regions (Bush, 2010).”
Background
Nested oscillations and brain connectivity during sequential stages of feature-based attention
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Sex differences in attention deficit hyperactivity symptom severity and functional connectivity of the dorsal striatum in young adults
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Exploratory analysis of diffusion tensor imaging in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence of abnormal white matter structure
Pastura, G. M. C., Doering, T., Gasparetto, E. L., Mattos, P., & Araújo, A. (2015) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-015-0185-y · Cited by 23
“in fibres normally associated with connections between the anterior and posterior attentional systems (Bush 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Altered proactive control in adults with ADHD: Evidence from event-related potentials during cued task switching
Sidlauskaite, J., Dhar, M., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Wiersema, J. R. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107330 · Cited by 21
“This finding is in line with the cardinal symptom of distractibility and not being able to efficiently allocate and engage attention to task-relevant stimuli in ADHD (Aboitiz, Ossandón, Zamorano, Palma, & Carrasco, 2014; Bush, 2010; Hasler et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResult
Functional Connectivity of Child and Adolescent Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Patients: Correlation with IQ
Park, B., Hong, J., Lee, S.-H., & Park, H. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00565 · Cited by 19
Differential Associations between Cortical Thickness and Striatal Dopamine in Treatment-Naïve Adults with ADHD vs. Healthy Controls
Cherkasova, M., Faridi, N., Casey, K., Larcher, K., O'Driscoll, G., Hechtman, L., Joober, R., Baker, G., Palmer, J., Evans, A. C., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00421 · Cited by 16
“Not surprisingly, ADHD subjects have been repeatedly found to have aberrant task-related activity in key regions of the salience network (Bush, 2010; Cortese et al., 2012; Plessen et al., 2016), as well as aberrant resting state salience network activity.”
Background
Inter-hemispherical asymmetry in default-mode functional connectivity and BAIAP2 gene are associated with anger expression in ADHD adults
Hasler, R., Preti, M. G., Meskaldji, D. E., Prados, J., Adouan, W., Rodriguez, C. K., Toma, S., Hiller, N., Ismaili, T., Hofmeister, J., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.09.004 · Cited by 19
“It has a prevalence of 5–8% in childhood (Bush, 2010), and persists in adulthood in 60% of the cases with an established prevalence of 2.5–4.9%, (Simon et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Verbal working memory and processing speed: Correlations with the severity of attention deficit and emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD
Anker, E., Øgrim, G., & Heir, T. (2021) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12260 · Cited by 19
“Clinical difficulties related to attention deficits have been confirmed in several studies involving adults with ADHD (Barkley, 2010a; Bush, 2010; Halleland, Haavik, & Lundervold, 2012; Seidman, 2006), and they have been reported in studies assessing the severity of nine Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis…”
Neurobiologie du trouble déficit de l’attention/ hyperactivité
Purper‐Ouakil, D., Lepagnol-Bestel, A.-M., Grosbellet, E., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., & Simonneau, M. (2010) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/2010265487 · Cited by 25
“Imagerie structurale Des études morphométriques réalisées chez les enfants atteints de TDAH montrent des atteintes plus généralisées que ce qui était attendu selon les données physiopathologiques impliquant les circuits fronto-striataux [31].”
Background
Electrophysiological indices of aberrant error-processing in adults with ADHD: a new region of interest
Czobor, P., Kakuszi, B., Németh, K., Balogh, L., Papp, S., Tombor, L., & Bitter, I. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9610-x · Cited by 22
A unique pattern of cortical connectivity characterizes patients with attention deficit disorders: a large electroencephalographic coherence study
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Serum Vitamin D and Cingulate Cortex Thickness in Older Adults: Quantitative MRI of the Brain
Foucault, G., Duval, G. T., Simon, R., Beauchet, O., Dinomais, M., & Annweiler, C. (2019) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205016666191113124356 · Cited by 19
Attentional networks, vigilance, and distraction as a function of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in an adult community sample
Coll‐Martín, T., Carretero‐Dios, H., & Lupiáñez, J. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12513 · Cited by 16
“Neurocognitive research on attention in ADHD should be grounded on theoretical frameworks that consider the distinct aspects of attention along with their neurobiological substrates (Booth, Carlson, & Tucker, 2007; Bush, 2010).”
Background
Attentional Profiles and White Matter Correlates in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predominantly Inattentive Type
Rossi, A. S. U., Moura, L. M., de Mello, C. B., de Souza, A. A. L., Muszkat, M., & Bueno, O. F. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00122 · Cited by 20
Ethnic differences in COMT genetic effects on striatal grey matter alterations associated with childhood ADHD: A voxel-based morphometry study in a Japanese sample
Shimada, K., Fujisawa, T. X., Takiguchi, S., Naruse, H., Kosaka, H., Okazawa, H., & Tomoda, A. (2015) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1102325 · Cited by 18
“…data from various sources, including neuroimaging, genetic and pharmacological studies, have generally implicated deficits in dopaminergic fronto-striatal systems as the main cause of ADHD (Bush et al. 2005; Volkow et al. 2007; Gizer et al. 2009; Volkow et al. 2009; Bush 2010; Mizuno et al. 2013).”
Background
The prefrontal cortex and the caudate nucleus respond conjointly to methylphenidate (Ritalin). Concomitant behavioral and neuronal recording study
Venkataraman, S. S., Claussen, C. M., Kharas, N., & Dafny, N. (2020) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.009 · Cited by 17
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the central monoaminergic systems: a pathophysiological link to insomnia with clinical implications
Bezerra, M. L. D. S., Rodrigues, R. N. D., & Souza, R. O. (2022) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20220032 · Cited by 20
“ADHD affects around 5% of children and 3% of adults’ worldwide 33 .”
BackgroundInfluential
Amplitude variability over trials in hemodynamic responses in adolescents with ADHD: The role of the anterior default mode network and the non-specific role of the striatum
Sørensen, L., Eichele, T., van Wageningen, H., Plessen, K. J., & Stevens, M. C. G. (2016) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.08.007 · Cited by 18
“Though,measuringhemodynamic activity in the regions of thalamus, cerebellum, and brain stem are associated with challenges because of the high influence of “artifacts and pulsatile motion” (Bush, 2010).”
Influential
Chondrocyte proliferation, viability and differentiation is declined following administration of methylphenidate utilized for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Gumustas, F., Yılmaz, İ., Şirin, D. Y., Gumustas, S., Batmaz, A. G., İşyar, M., Akkaya, S., & Mahiroğulları, M. (2016) · Human & Experimental Toxicology · doi:10.1177/0960327116678294 · Cited by 17
Clinical presentations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents: comparison of neurocognitive performance
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Longitudinal Changes of Resting-State Networks in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Typically Developing Children
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Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study of the Effects of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate and Mixed Amphetamine Salts on Cognition Throughout the Day in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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“56,57 Dysfunctions of the right superior – inferior parietal lobes were also observed in ADHD children during a mental rotation task that required spatial working memory.”
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Martín-Rodríguez, A., Herrero-Roldán, S., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12030338 · Cited by 26
“The anterior cingulate cortex, which plays a role in attention regulation and impulse control, has been found to exhibit altered activity in individuals with ADHD [46,47].”
The anterior midcingulate cortex as a neural node underlying hostility in young adults
Nakagawa, S., Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Miyauchi, C. M., Iizuka, K., Yokoyama, R., Shinada, T., et al. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1200-6 · Cited by 15
“The aMCC is most prominently involved in cognitive control and decision-making (Vogt 2009), including conflict monitoring during attention (Botvinick 2007), target detection, response selection, set-shifting (Bissonette et al. 2013), and motivation (Bush 2010).”
Background
Differentiation between resting-state fMRI data from ADHD and normal subjects: Based on functional connectivity and machine learning
Liang, S., Hsieh, T.-H., Chen, P.-T., Wu, M., Kung, C., Lin, C.-Y., & Shaw, F. (2012) · International conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications · doi:10.1109/ifuzzy.2012.6409719 · Cited by 16
“There are some kinds of abnormalities of neural responses in ADHD, such as anticipation, planning, working memory, reward evaluation, response selection or inhibition, novelty detection, target selection, filtering of distracting information, error signaling, and feedback-mediated decision-making processes [10].”
Background
Distinct resting state functional connectivity abnormalities in hoarding disorder and major depressive disorder
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“There is ample evidence that these other disorders show abnormal connectivity during cognitive and executive functioning tasks (Bush, 2010; Castellanos et al., 2008; Nakao et al., 2005), giving rise to the possibility that HD might J Psychiatr Res.”
Background
Shared and Unique Effects of Long-Term Administration of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine on Degree Centrality in Medication-Naïve Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder
Fu, Z., Yuan, J., Pei, X., Zhang, K., Xu, C., Hu, N., Xie, R., Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Yang, L., et al. (2022) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac028 · Cited by 14
Exploring the impact of different types of exercise on working memory in children with ADHD: a network meta-analysis
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“Individuals with ADHD commonly exhibit diﬃculty maintaining attention, are easily distracted by external stimuli, show a lack of attention to detail, and struggle to organize and complete tasks, particularly those requiring sustained focus (Bush, 2010).”
Le cerveau de l'hyperactif : entre cognition et comportement
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Identification of biotypes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, a report from a randomized, controlled trial
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Mash, L. E., Klein, R. M., & Townsend, J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3635-5 · Cited by 14
Stimulant side effects and inverted-U: Implications for ADHD guidelines
Lévy, F. (2012) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867412450754 · Cited by 14
Differences in brain networks of children with ADHD: Whole‐brain analysis of resting‐state fMRI
İçer, S., Benli, Ş. G., & Özmen, S. (2019) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.22348 · Cited by 13
Executive functions in agenesis of the corpus callosum: Working memory and sustained attention in the BTBR inbred mouse strain
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Altered brain structural networks in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder children revealed by cortical thickness
Liu, T., Chen, Y., Li, C., Li, Y., & Wang, J. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14734 · Cited by 14
Attention and Executive Disorders in Neurofibromatosis 1: Comparison Between NF1 With ADHD Symptomatology (NF1 + ADHD) and ADHD Per Se
Lion‐François, L., Herbillon, V., Peyric, E., Mercier, C., Gérard, D., Ginhoux, T., Coutinho, V., Kemlin, I., Kassaï, B., Portes, V. D., et al. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717707579 · Cited by 15
“…and the inferior parietal lobe have been identified as nodes within parallel networks of attention, especially the network that is involved in cognitive flexibility and motor inhibition, and dysfunctions of these networks have been identified in ADHD (Bush, 2010, 2011; Castellanos & Proal, 2012).”
Background
Top-down auditory attention modulates neural responses more strongly in neurotypical than ADHD young adults
Kwasa, J. A. C., Noyce, A. L., Torres, L. M., Richardson, B. N., & Shinn‐Cunningham, B. G. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148144 · Cited by 17
“To ensure our study included a neurodiverse “ attention population, ” we recruited people on the ADHD spectrum, a group that purportedly have a “ natural lesion ” of attentional functions (Bush, 2010).”
Do Children with Co-Occurring ADHD and DCD Differ in Motor Performance?
Goulardins, J. B., Nascimento, R. O., Casella, E. B., da Silva, M. A., Piek, J. P., Matos, M. A., & de Oliveira, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2024.2361103 · Cited by 11
“Despite the clinical complexity of the disorder, it is possible to identify distinct motor, cognitive and emotional processes that may influence ADHD symptomatology (Bush, 2010).”
An explainable spatio-temporal graph convolutional network for the biomarkers identification of ADHD
Chen, L., Yang, Y., Yu, A., Guo, S., Ren, K., Liu, Q., & Qiao, C. (2024) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2024.106913 · Cited by 13
Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels and severity of symptoms in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD/hyperkinetic disorder HKD
Kądziela-Olech, H., Cichocki, P., Chwiesko, J., Konstantynowicz, J., & Braszko, J. J. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0533-z · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, it has been recently shown that many neural networks are involved in cognitive and behavioural symptoms of ADHD [68–71].”
Background

Authors: Bush, G.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Bush, George
Venue: Neuropsychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-09-16
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 278-300
ISSN: 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
1740-634X
DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.120
PMC: PMC3055423
OpenAlex: W2115083032
Cited by: 358
References: 318
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 2.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Center for Research Resources (P41RR014075)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attentional networks, reward processing, default mode network, resting state, neuromodulation, normal brain function
MeSH terms: Animals, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Humans, Neural Pathways

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Networks

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