The DOI matches its Crossref record; 312 of the 318 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Attention Networks
Open accessAbstract
Research attempting to elucidate the neuropathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not only shed light on the disorder itself, it has simultaneously provided new insights into the mechanisms of normal cognition and attention. This review will highlight and integrate this bidirectional flow of information. Following a brief overview of ADHD clinical phenomenology, ADHD studies will be placed into a wider historical perspective by providing illustrative examples of how major models of attention have influenced the development of neurocircuitry models of ADHD. The review will then identify major components of neural systems potentially relevant to ADHD, including attention networks, reward/feedback-based processing systems, as well as a 'default mode' resting state network. Further, it will suggest ways in which these systems may interact and be influenced by neuromodulatory factors. Recent ADHD imaging data will be selectively provided to both illustrate the field's current level of knowledge and to show how such data can inform our understanding of normal brain functions. The review will conclude by suggesting possible avenues for future research.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This was interpreted as consistent with the hypothesis of ADHD-related dysfunction of the prefrontal-parietal, anterior cingulate, and cerebellar brain regions proposed based on anatomical and functional imaging studies”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Bush, 2010
In the citing paper
“Pharmacological, genetic and neuroimaging studies converge on the idea that ADHD is associated with deficiencies in dopamine signaling and abnormalities in dopamine-modulated fronto-striatal circuits”
From DAT1 and COMT effects on delay discounting and trait impulsivity in male adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls (2010) · cites this paper as Bush, 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition: Foundations
Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., & AU (1986) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5236.001.0001 · Cited by 15,686
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761
Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex
Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., & Strick, P. L. (1986) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041 · Cited by 8,527
The attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070 · cited 11×
“The nomenclature of cingulate subdivisions has evolved over the past few decades (Bush, 2009; Bush et al, 2008; Vogt, 2005): for simplicity here, the daMCC is equivalent to the dorsal ACC (Bush and Shin, 2006; Bush et al, 2002) and broadly consistent with the older term, the ACC, used by studies above (Alexander et al…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2 · Cited by 6,259
Self-citationAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
Barkley, R. A., & Poillion, M. J. (1994) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874299401900205 · Cited by 4,635
Attention to Action: Willed and Automatic Control of Behavior
Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986) · Consciousness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1 · Cited by 4,455
The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind
Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017 · Cited by 3,889
Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks
Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M. I. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317361886 · Cited by 3,717
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 318 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—4th Edition-Text Revision. American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC.
- Douglas VI (ed) (1988). Cognitive Deficits in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. Pergamon: London.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–358 of 358
fMRI-Based Multi-class DMDC Model Efficiently Decodes the Overlaps between ASD and ADHD
Zolghadr, Z., Batouli, S. A. H., Majd, H. A., Shafaghi, L., & Mehrabi, Y. (2024) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.2023.4302.1 · Cited by 2
“Also, the attentional circuitry of the brain, mainly comprising prefrontal cortices and the dorsal anterior cingulate, is often disrupted in children with ADHD (Bush, 2010).”
BackgroundAngelova, M. A., Velchev, Y. S., & Dimitrov, K. L. (2019) · International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET) · doi:10.1109/et.2019.8878319 · Cited by 1
Hüer, J. (2019) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-7269 · Cited by 1
Izbicki, P. (2020) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-20200624-77 · Cited by 1
Dutta, C. N., Douglas, P. K., & Ombao, H. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.13458 · Cited by 1
Neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Preprint
Altable, M. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/cs5h65 · Cited by 1
Neural Connectivity Underlying Cognitive Control: Variations in ADHD Participants
Stone, W. S. (2010) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
ADHD: EN NEUROBIOLOGISK FORSTYRRELSE?
Habekost, T. (2010) · Psyke & Logos · doi:10.7146/pl.v31i2.8479
Causes and Types of Cognitive Domain Impairments in Epilepsy
Maccotta, L., Vega, C., Hogan, R. E., Waterhouse, E. J., Louis, E. K. S., Enke, A., Dunn, D. W., Kronenberger, W. G., Smith, M. C. F., & Park, E. L. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118951026.ch4
Arbetsminnesträning för vuxna med ADHD
Janson, F. (2010) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Measures of Working Memory, Motivation, and Time Perception
Labbé, D. (2012) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)
Neurobiologie déficit de l'attention/
Purper‐Ouakil, D., Lepagnol-Bestel, A.-M., Grosbellet, E., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., & Simonneau, M. (2010)
Attention Deficits And Perception Of Emotion In Groups
Strojewska, A. R. (2016) · ISU Red - Research and eData (Illinois State University) · doi:10.30707/etd2016.strojewska.a
“…root of dysfunction in ADHD is most often attributed to inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, where ‘inattention’ refers to difficulties in maintaining selective attention and ‘impulsivity’ refers to rash or abrupt actions performed without prior consideration of consequences (Bush, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialAttention and ADHD: Measurement and Medication
Saliba, K. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Lusoli, A., & Sardo, S. (2017) · plaNext - Next Generation Planning · doi:10.24306/plnxt.2017.04.004
Retzler, J., Retzler, C., Groom, M. J., Johnson, S. J., & Cragg, L. (2019) · Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester)
Ekman, E. (2019) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)
REVISÃO NARRATIVA ABORDANDO A RELAÇÃO ENTRE TDAH E DEPENDÊNCIA DE COCAÍNA
SOUZA, F., Benedito, V. P., Júnior, E. S. M., & Simonetti, A. D. (2020) · doi:10.5151/comusc2020-13
Torres, D. H., & Oliver, A. L. (2021) · Archivos de Neurociencias · doi:10.31157/archneurosciencesmex.v26i01.214
(2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444328172.refs
Xiong, Z., Jiong, Y., & Shi, S. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.20059/v1
Young, G. B. (2014) · Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385157-4.00320-1
Understanding Apraxia Going Forward
Wasserman, T. H., & Wasserman, L. D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24105-5_11
Treatment for Apraxia: Plasticity and Regeneration
Wasserman, T. H., & Wasserman, L. D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24105-5_10
Neuropsychological Assessment of Apraxia: Where Network Reality and Domain Assessment Collide
Wasserman, T. H., & Wasserman, L. D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24105-5_9
Sidiropoulos, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65726-3_8
Affektiv-motivationale Netzwerke – Impulskontrolle, Emotion, Motivation und Furchtkonditionierung
Sidiropoulos, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65726-3_11
Sukhorukova, N. A., Васильева, Е. В., & Kovalev, G. I. (2023) · Нейрохимия · doi:10.31857/s1027813323020139
Neuropsychological Rehabilitation in Patients with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Rossi, A. S. U., & de Mello, C. B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56980-7_2
Wasserman, T. H., & Wasserman, L. D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78732-4_10
Do All Disorders of Attention Result in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?
Wasserman, T. H., & Wasserman, L. D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78732-4_3
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Genetics, Neural Networks, and Other Factors
Wasserman, T. H., & Wasserman, L. D. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78732-4_4
A High-Accuracy Supervised Machine Learning Approach for ADHD Classification Using EEG SignalsPreprint
Fink, N. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5146511
Chaudhary, U. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-78991-5_6
(2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118941430.refs
Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat attention disorders (ADHD)
Crunelle, C. L., & Schellekens, A. F. A. (2025) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26602-7.00016-6
PREFRONTAL CONTROL OF PREPARATORY ATTENTION AND COORDINATION WITH THE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA
Totah, N. K. B. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Cao, J., Chai‐Zhang, T. C., Huang, Y., Eshel, M. N., & Kong, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15145928
Jensen, D. A., Lundervold, A. J., Stubberud, J., Halmøy, A., Haavik, J., & Sørensen, L. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20678024
Induni, S. B. (2025) · Cortica · doi:10.26034/cortica.2025.7013
Jensen, D. A., Lundervold, A. J., Stubberud, J., Halmøy, A., Haavik, J., & Sørensen, L. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20678027
Medication and Developmental Stage Shape the Brain-Age Gap in ADHDPreprint
Zhang, X., Yu, Y., Liu, X., Fang, Y., Wang, J., Frangou, S., Zang, Y., Ge, R., & Zhang, H. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.19.700322
“Instead, it is a composite metric derived from a multivariate model that integrates a wide array of structural neuroimaging features across the brain (e.g., cortical thickness, surface area, volume) (Franke et al., 2010, 2010, 2012; Franke & Gaser, 2019; Kaufmann et al., 2019; Liem et al., 2017).”
InfluentialDuan, X., Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., Cui, Y., Ji, T., Zhou, Y., & Yan, H. (2026) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2026.101320
Biomarqueurs du TDAH : corrélations métabolomiques et neuro-cognitives
Dupuy, C. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b52016ddzfbf1z4ad6z9b8fz05a2eff94ccb
Doi, M., Berto, S., Shimada, S., & Usui, N. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.20.726444
Kocarslan, B., Genç, H. A., Yorgancıgil, E., Yükselen, G., Albayrak, Z. S., Aydın, G., Erdoğan, S. B., Akın, A., & Demirtaş-Tatlıdede, A. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16060564
“Further, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and VLPFC [25–27] show considerable evidence of hypoactivity in ADHD [13,18,23,26–31].”
A connectome-based neural correlate of pediatric ADHD hyperactivity–impulsivity symptoms
Tao, J.-H., Wu, Y. N., Liu, P., Wang, R., Gao, R., Zhang, D., Zhang, Q., & Geng, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1846942
Cortical Thickness and White Matter Surface Morphology in Tourette Syndrome: A Cohort Study
Delavari, S., Frank, A. C., Bansal, R., Vaccarino, F. M., King, R. A., Lombroso, P. J., Scahill, L., Leckman, J. F., & Peterson, B. S. (2026) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.78340
Boredom in Psychiatric Disorders: Another Dimensional Construct?
Gurrieri, R., Gambini, M., Sità, G., Pescini, E., Mucci, F., & Marazziti, D. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71718
“…executive architecture, thus allowing the patient to rationally modulate and contain the activation triggered by delays and waiting, no longer seeking immediate and impulsive gratifi-cation to repress boredom, but becoming capable of tolerating the emotional distress of delay (Bush 2010 ).”
Effects of physical activity on attentional domains in ADHD
Xia, Z., Chen, J., Nie, Y., Ma, W., Zeng, S., Liang, J., Zuo, W., Zhaoying, T., Liu, C., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107727
Cross-Modal Masked Connectome Transformer for multimodal EEG-fMRI learning in ADHD diagnosis
Guo, J., Wang, M., & 郭晓静 (2026) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2026.110922
Metadata
- Authors
- Bush, G.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bush, George
- Venue
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Published
- 2009-09-16
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 278-300
- ISSN
- 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
- 1740-634X
- PMC
- PMC3055423
- OpenAlex
- W2115083032
- Cited by
- 358
- References
- 318
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR014075)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attentional networks, reward processing, default mode network, resting state, neuromodulation, normal brain function
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Humans, Neural Pathways
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review