International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci
Open accessAbstract
The risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma is heritable, but robust common variants have yet to be identified. In a multi-ethnic cohort including over 30,000 PTSD cases and 170,000 controls we conduct a genome-wide association study of PTSD. We demonstrate SNP-based heritability estimates of 5–20%, varying by sex. Three genome-wide significant loci are identified, 2 in European and 1 in African-ancestry analyses. Analyses stratified by sex implicate 3 additional loci in men. Along with other novel genes and non-coding RNAs, a Parkinson’s disease gene involved in dopamine regulation, PARK2 , is associated with PTSD. Finally, we demonstrate that polygenic risk for PTSD is significantly predictive of re-experiencing symptoms in the Million Veteran Program dataset, although specific loci did not replicate. These results demonstrate the role of genetic variation in the biology of risk for PTSD and highlight the necessity of conducting sex-stratified analyses and expanding GWAS beyond European ancestry populations.
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The negative impact of stress and trauma on physical and mental health varies across individuals, likely depending on severity of exposure, subsequent lifestyle and behavioral choices, and differing genetic vulnerability.
“The negative impact of stress and trauma on physical and mental health, however, has been shown to vary across individuals. This is likely to depend on the severity of the exposure, the subsequent lifestyle and behavioral choices [17], and differing genetic vulnerability [18,19,20].”
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- Authors
- Nievergelt, C. M., Maihofer, A. X., Klengel, T., Atkinson, E. G., Chen, C.-Y., Choi, K. W., Coleman, J. R. I., Dalvie, S., Duncan, L. E., Gelernter, J., Levey, D. F., Logue, M. W., Polimanti, R., Provost, A. C., Ratanatharathorn, A., Stein, M. B., Torres, K., Aiello, A. E., Almli, L. M., Amstadter, A. B., Andersen, S. B., Andreassen, O. A., Arbisi, P. A., Ashley-Koch, A. E., Austin, S. B., Avdibegovic, E., Babić, D., Bækvad-Hansen, M., Baker, D. G., Beckham, J. C., Bierut, L. J., Bisson, J. I., Boks, M. P., Bolger, E. A., Børglum, A. D., Bradley, B., Brashear, M., Breen, G., Bryant, R. A., Bustamante, A. C., Bybjerg-Grauholm, J., Calabrese, J. R., Caldas- de- Almeida, J. M., Dale, A. M., Daly, M. J., Daskalakis, N. P., Deckert, J., Delahanty, D. L., Dennis, M. F., Disner, S. G., Domschke, K., Dzubur-Kulenovic, A., Erbes, C. R., Evans, A., Farrer, L. A., Feeny, N. C., Flory, J. D., Forbes, D., Franz, C. E., Galea, S., Garrett, M. E., Gelaye, B., Geuze, E., Gillespie, C., Uka, A. G., Gordon, S. D., Guffanti, G., Hammamieh, R., Harnal, S., Hauser, M. A., Heath, A. C., Hemmings, S. M. J., Hougaard, D. M., Jakovljevic, M., Jett, M., Johnson, E. O., Jones, I., Jovanovic, T., Qin, X.-J., Junglen, A. G., Karstoft, K.-I., Kaufman, M. L., Kessler, R. C., Khan, A., Kimbrel, N. A., King, A. P., Koen, N., Kranzler, H. R., Kremen, W. S., Lawford, B. R., Lebois, L. A. M., Lewis, C. E., Linnstaedt, S. D., Lori, A., Lugonja, B., Luykx, J. J., Lyons, M. J., Maples-Keller, J., Marmar, C., Martin, A. R., Martin, N. G., Maurer, D., Mavissakalian, M. R., McFarlane, A., McGlinchey, R. E., McLaughlin, K. A., McLean, S. A., McLeay, S., Mehta, D., Milberg, W. P., Miller, M. W., Morey, R. A., Morris, C. P., Mors, O., Mortensen, P. B., Neale, B. M., Nelson, E. C., Nordentoft, M., Norman, S. B., O’Donnell, M., Orcutt, H. K., Panizzon, M. S., Peters, E. S., Peterson, A. L., Peverill, M., Pietrzak, R. H., Polusny, M. A., Rice, J. P., Ripke, S., Risbrough, V. B., Roberts, A. L., Rothbaum, A. O., Rothbaum, B. O., Roy-Byrne, P., Ruggiero, K., Rung, A., Rutten, B. P. F., Saccone, N. L., Sanchez, S. E., Schijven, D., Seedat, S., Seligowski, A. V., Seng, J. S., Sheerin, C. M., Silove, D., Smith, A. K., Smoller, J. W., Sponheim, S. R., Stein, D. J., Stevens, J. S., Sumner, J. A., Teicher, M. H., Thompson, W. K., Trapido, E., Uddin, M., Ursano, R. J., van den Heuvel, L. L., Van Hooff, M., Vermetten, E., Vinkers, C. H., Voisey, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Werge, T., Williams, M. A., Williamson, D. E., Winternitz, S., Wolf, C., Wolf, E. J., Wolff, J. D., Yehuda, R., Young, R. M., Young, K. A., Zhao, H., Zoellner, L. A., Liberzon, I., Ressler, K. J., Haas, M., & Koenen, K. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Stanford University (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Yale University (US)
- VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Emory University (US)
- The Danish Veteran Centre (DK)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University Hospitals of Cleveland (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg (DE)
- Kent State University (US)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- University Clinical Center of Kosovo (XK)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- United States Army Medical Research and Development Command (US)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Statens Serum Institut (DK)
- RTI International (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- New York University (US)
- United States Army (US)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation (AU)
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- Northern Illinois University (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- University of South Florida (US)
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- McLean Hospital (US)
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nievergelt, Caroline M.
- ORCID
- Nievergelt, Caroline M.
- Maihofer, Adam X.
- Klengel, Torsten
- Atkinson, Elizabeth G.
- Chen, Chia-Yen
- Choi, Karmel W.
- Coleman, Jonathan R. I.
- Dalvie, Shareefa
- Duncan, Laramie E.
- Gelernter, Joel
- Levey, Daniel F.
- Logue, Mark W.
- Polimanti, Renato
- Provost, Allison C.
- Ratanatharathorn, Andrew
- Stein, Murray B.
- Torres, Katy
- Aiello, Allison E.
- Almli, Lynn M.
- Amstadter, Ananda B.
- Andersen, Søren B.
- Andreassen, Ole A.
- Arbisi, Paul A.
- Ashley-Koch, Allison E.
- Austin, S. Bryn
- Baker, Dewleen G.
- Beckham, Jean C.
- Bierut, Laura J.
- Bisson, Jonathan I.
- Boks, Marco P.
- Bolger, Elizabeth A.
- Børglum, Anders D.
- Bradley, Bekh
- Brashear, Megan
- Breen, Gerome
- Bryant, Richard A.
- Bustamante, Angela C.
- Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas
- Calabrese, Joseph R.
- Caldas- de- Almeida, José M.
- Dale, Anders M.
- Daly, Mark J.
- Daskalakis, Nikolaos P.
- Deckert, Jürgen
- Delahanty, Douglas L.
- Dennis, Michelle F.
- Disner, Seth G.
- Domschke, Katharina
- Dzubur-Kulenovic, Alma
- Farrer, Lindsay A.
- Feeny, Norah C.
- Flory, Janine D.
- Forbes, David
- Franz, Carol E.
- Galea, Sandro
- Gelaye, Bizu
- Geuze, Elbert
- Gillespie, Charles
- Gordon, Scott D.
- Hammamieh, Rasha
- Hauser, Michael A.
- Heath, Andrew C.
- Hemmings, Sian M. J.
- Hougaard, David Michael
- Jett, Marti
- Johnson, Eric Otto
- Jones, Ian
- Qin, Xue-Jun
- Junglen, Angela G.
- Karstoft, Karen-Inge
- Kaufman, Milissa L.
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- Khan, Alaptagin
- Kimbrel, Nathan A.
- King, Anthony P.
- Koen, Nastassja
- Kranzler, Henry R.
- Kremen, William S.
- Lebois, Lauren A. M.
- Linnstaedt, Sarah D.
- Lori, Adriana
- Luykx, Jurjen J.
- Lyons, Michael J.
- Marmar, Charles
- Martin, Alicia R.
- Martin, Nicholas G.
- Maurer, Douglas
- McFarlane, Alexander
- McGlinchey, Regina E.
- McLaughlin, Katie A.
- McLean, Samuel A.
- McLeay, Sarah
- Mehta, Divya
- Milberg, William P.
- Miller, Mark W.
- Morey, Rajendra A.
- Morris, Charles Phillip
- Mors, Ole
- Mortensen, Preben B.
- Neale, Benjamin M.
- Nelson, Elliot C.
- Nordentoft, Merete
- Norman, Sonya B.
- O’Donnell, Meaghan
- Orcutt, Holly K.
- Panizzon, Matthew S.
- Peters, Edward S.
- Peterson, Alan L.
- Peverill, Matthew
- Pietrzak, Robert H.
- Polusny, Melissa A.
- Rice, John P.
- Ripke, Stephan
- Risbrough, Victoria B.
- Roberts, Andrea L.
- Rothbaum, Alex O.
- Rothbaum, Barbara O.
- Rung, Ariane
- Rutten, Bart P. F.
- Saccone, Nancy L.
- Schijven, Dick
- Seedat, Soraya
- Seligowski, Antonia V.
- Seng, Julia S.
- Sheerin, Christina M.
- Silove, Derrick
- Smith, Alicia K.
- Smoller, Jordan W.
- Sponheim, Scott R.
- Stein, Dan J.
- Stevens, Jennifer S.
- Sumner, Jennifer A.
- Teicher, Martin H.
- Thompson, Wesley K.
- Trapido, Edward
- Uddin, Monica
- Ursano, Robert J.
- Vermetten, Eric
- Vinkers, Christiaan H.
- Voisey, Joanne
- Wang, Yunpeng
- Wang, Zhewu
- Werge, Thomas
- Williams, Michelle A.
- Williamson, Douglas E.
- Winternitz, Sherry
- Wolf, Christiane
- Wolf, Erika J.
- Wolff, Jonathan D.
- Yehuda, Rachel
- Young, Ross McD.
- Young, Keith A.
- Zhao, Hongyu
- Zoellner, Lori A.
- Liberzon, Israel
- Ressler, Kerry J.
- Haas, Magali
- Koenen, Karestan C.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2019-10-08
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4558-4558
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6783435
- OpenAlex
- W2979994192
- Cited by
- 635
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 9.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Broad Institute
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience
- One Mind
- Lundbeckfonden (R248‐2017‐2003)
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute
- Medical Research Council (MR/L010305/1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH109539, R21MH112956, T32MH017119, U01MH109536, K01MH118467, F32MH109274, R01MH103291, R01MH106595)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD011728)
- Medical Research and Materiel Command (R01MH106595)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, genetic susceptibility loci, sex differences, heritability, polygenic risk, re-experiencing symptoms, PARK2, dopaminergic modulation, non-coding RNA, Million Veteran Program, multi-ethnic cohort
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Black People, White People, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genetic Loci, Datasets as Topic
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