The efficacy of initial hydrocortisone administration at preventing posttraumatic distress in adult trauma patients: A randomized trial
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UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE/INTRODUCTION: Secondary pharmacological interventions have shown promise at reducing the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSS) in preclinical studies. The present study examined the preliminary efficacy of a 10-day low-dose (20 mg bid) course of hydrocortisone at preventing PTSS in traumatic injury victims. METHODS: Sixty-four traumatic injury patients (34% female) were randomly assigned in a double-blind protocol to receive either a 10-day course of hydrocortisone or placebo initiated within 12 hours of the trauma. One-month and 3-months posttrauma participants completed an interview to assess PTSS and self-report measures of depression and health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Hydrocortisone recipients reported fewer PTSD and depression symptoms, and had greater improvements in health-related quality of life during the first 3 months posttrauma than did placebo recipients. Hydrocortisone recipients who had never received prior mental health treatment had the lowest PTSD scores. CONCLUSION: Low-dose hydrocortisone may be a promising approach to the prevention of PTSD in acutely injured trauma patients, and may be particularly efficacious in acutely injured trauma victims without a history of significant psychopathology.
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All previous findings of effective PTSD prevention were observed in participants with increased risk for PTSD.
“All previous findings of effective PTSD prevention were observed in participants with increased risk for PTSD [i.e., caused by perceived life-threat (3), peritraumatic dissociation (4), or subthreshold acute stress disorder (5,6)].”
From Intranasal Oxytocin to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Emergency Department Patients (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
Previously, hydrocortisone and prolonged exposure initiated within 12 hours posttrauma in ED patients, and brief cognitive behavioral therapy within the first weeks posttrauma in patients with acute stress disorder, were found to reduce subsequent PTSD symptom severity.
“Previously, hydrocortisone (4,5) and prolonged exposure (3) initiated within 12 hours posttrauma in ED patients, and brief cognitive behavioral therapy within the first weeks posttrauma in patients with acute stress disorder (6), were found to reduce subsequent PTSD symptom severity.”
From Intranasal Oxytocin to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Emergency Department Patients (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
A 10-day course of low dose oral hydrocortisone started within 12 hours of injury resulted in fewer PTSD and depression symptoms at 1 and 3 months post-trauma than placebo in traumatic injury patients.
“Similarly, in another recent report of 64 traumatic injury patients it was demonstrated that those who received a 10-day course of low dose oral hydrocortisone started within 12 hours of the injury reported fewer PTSD and depression symptoms at 1 and 3 months post-trauma follow-up than those who were treated with placebo [16].”
From Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [16]
Starting intranasal oxytocin treatment at the latest at day 10 post-trauma is considerably later than hydrocortisone within the first 12 hours post-trauma, the only pharmacological intervention that has currently yielded promising preventive effects.
“In addition, starting intranasal oxytocin treatments at the latest at day 10 post-trauma is considerably later than the timing of the only pharmacological intervention that has currently yielded promising preventive effects, i.e. hydrocortisone within the first 12 hours post-trauma [15,16].”
From Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [16]
Recruiting emergency department patients for research purposes early after trauma exposure is feasible, based on previous early intervention studies.
“Based on previous early intervention studies, recruiting ED patients for research purposes early after trauma exposures is feasible [10,15,16,60,98].”
From Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [16]
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Birur, B., Moore, N. C., & Davis, L. L. (2016) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-016-0047-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Compared to placebo, those in the hydrocortisone group reported less PTSD, less depression, and greater improvements in quality of life at 1- and 3-months post-trauma (Delahanty et al. 2013).”
BackgroundFrijling, J. L., van Zuiden, M., Koch, S. B. J., Nawijn, L., Veltman, D. J., & Olff, M. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv116 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Biomarkers of PTSD: military applications and considerations
Lehrner, A. L., & Yehuda, R. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23797 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Neurobiology and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Shalev, A. Y., Cho, D., & Marmar, C. R. (2024) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20240536 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Frijling, J. L., van Zuiden, M., Koch, S. B., Nawijn, L., Goslings, J. C., Luitse, J. S., Biesheuvel, T. H., Honig, A., Bakker, F. C., Denys, D., et al. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-92 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“hydrocortisone within the first 12 hours post-trauma [15,16].”
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Estradiol modulation of the renin–angiotensin system and the regulation of fear extinction
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Cannabinoids as therapeutics for PTSD
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Cortisol and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis in PTSD
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Glucocorticoid-based pharmacotherapies preventing PTSD
Florido, A., Velasco, E. R., Monari, S., Cano, M., Cardoner, N., Sandi, C., Andero, R., & Pérez-Caballero, L. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109344 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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“Based on the idea that lower cortisol levels at the time of trauma exposure might facilitate SNS hyperactivity and lead to intrusive, traumatic memories, this strategy of glucocorticoid administration during the “golden hours” following trauma was used to identify its role in PTSD prevention (51, 52).”
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The Pathways between Cortisol-Related Regulation Genes and PTSD Psychotherapy
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Adverse Childhood Experience, Genes, and PTSD Risk in Soldiers: A Methylation Study
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Prospects for the Pharmacological Prevention of Post-Traumatic Stress in Vulnerable Individuals
Ostrowski, S. A., & Delahanty, D. L. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0145-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mouthaan, J., Sijbrandij, M., Reitsma, J. B., Luitse, J. S. K., Goslings, J. C., Gersons, B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2015) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.02.010 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In humans, nonrandomized [31] and randomized [32–36] controlled trials have demonstrated that hydrocortisone administration after medical traumawas associated with a lower risk for PTSD symptom development.”
Novel pharmacological treatment strategies for posttraumatic stress disorder
Thomas, E., & Stein, D. J. (2016) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2017.1260001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Effects of acute cortisol administration on perceptual priming of trauma-related material
Holz, E., Lass-Hennemann, J., Streb, M., Pfaltz, M., & Michael, T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104864 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Delahanty and colleagues [34] showed that repeated cortisol administration (over 10 days) prevented PTSD in traumatic injury patients.”
BackgroundHeim, C. C. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19111189 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Roque, A. P. (2015) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1057785 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Impact of exogenous cortisol on the formation of intrusive memories in healthy women
Rombold, F., Wingenfeld, K., Renneberg, B., Schwarzkopf, F., Hellmann‐Regen, J., Otte, C., & Roepke, S. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.08.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pham, C. H., Fang, M., Nager, J., Matsushima, K., Inaba, K., & Kuza, C. M. (2019) · Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000002371 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Delahanty et al.(38) administered a 10-day hydrocortisone course within 12 hours of injury to trauma patients.”
BackgroundInfluentialPharmacological Secondary Prevention of PTSD in Youth: Challenges and Opportunities for Advancement
Maccani, M. A., Delahanty, D. L., Nugent, N. R., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21731 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Similarly, a larger RCT examining the efficacy of a 10-day regimen of low-dose (20 mg, twice daily [bid]) hydrocortisone in seriously injured trauma patients found that hydrocortisone recipients reported significantly lower PTSD symptom severity at 1- and 3-month follow-up than placebo recipients (Delahanty et al., 20…”
BackgroundNeuroendocrinological treatment targets for posttraumatic stress disorder
Yoon, S., & Kim, Y. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.021 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Studies investigating the use of hydrocortisone for preventing PTSD were conducted during or right after various situations involving severe psychological and physical trauma, such as within 12 h after traumatic injury (Delahanty et al., 2013), within six hours after exposure to a traumatic event (e.”
Patient-reported outcomes in post-traumatic stress disorder Part I: Focus on psychological treatment
d'Ardenne, P., & Heke, S. (2014) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2014.16.2/sheke · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Review of Psychopharmacological Interventions Post-Disaster to Prevent Psychiatric Sequelae
Birur, B., Math, S. B., & Fargason, R. E. (2025) · Psychopharmacology Bulletin · doi:10.64719/pb.4352 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Graebener, A. H., Michael, T., Holz, E., & Lass-Hennemann, J. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.09.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Recent Progress in Biosensors for Depression Monitoring—Advancing Personalized Treatment
Yin, J., Jia, X., Li, H., Zhao, B., Yang, Y. A., & Ren, T. (2024) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios14090422 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Schaffter, N., Ledermann, K., Pazhenkottil, A. P., Barth, J., Schnyder, U., Znoj, H., Schmid, J., Meister‐Langraf, R. E., von Känel, R., & Princip, M. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.065 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…that hydrocortisone given after a traumatic event reduces the risk for the development of PTSD in patients with septic shock (Schelling et al., 2001) and of PTSD symptoms in patients with traumatic injury (Delahanty et al., 2013) or cardiac surgery (Schelling et al., 2004; Weis et al., 2006).”
BackgroundEarly interventions for the prevention of PTSD in adults: a systematic literature review
LINARES, I. M. P., CORCHS, F. D. F., CHAGAS, M. H. N., ZUARDI, A. W., MARTIN-SANTOS, R., & CRIPPA, J. A. S. (2017) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000109 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
O’Shields, J., Patel, D., & Mowbray, O. P. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.077 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Indeed, some evidence for this approach has already been identified in the use of a 10-day course of hydrocortisone for adults within 12 h of experiencing physical trauma, which was associated with lower rates of future depressive symptoms compared to the placebo group (Delahanty et al., 2013).”
BackgroundKapfhammer, H. (2014) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2014.16.2/hkapfhammer · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bowers, M. E., & Yehuda, R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802175-0.00016-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Management of Treatment-Resistant Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Starke, J., & Stein, D. J. (2017) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-017-0130-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cohen, H., Ephraim‐Oluwanuga, O. T., Orunmuyi, A. T., Gureje, O., Matar, M. A., Todder, D., & Zohar, J. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12311 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Akute und posttraumatische Belastungsstörung
Kapfhammer, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_71 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Luo, L., Chai, Y., Jiang, R., Chen, X., & Yan, T. (2015) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2015.0507 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Based on the strong and evolving evidence from previous studies [44, 45], the treatment included anti-depression pharmacological interventions, psychotherapeutic interventions and Prednisone.”
BackgroundTheranostic pharmacology in PTSD: Neurobiology and timing
Koek, R. J., & Luong, T. N. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gillam, W. B., V, Godbole, N. B., Sangam, S., DeTommaso, A., Foreman, M. A., & Lucke-Wold, B. P. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102732 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Furthermore, low-dose hydrocortisone injections may serve to prevent PTSD in neurotrauma patients [97].”
BackgroundEarly interventions: from e-health to neurobiology
Olff, M., van Zuiden, M., & Bakker, A. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28545 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…early interventions, researchers have focused on finding new forms of potential early interventions using both pharmacological (e.g., hydrocortisone [Delahanty et al., 2013], morphine [Mouthaan et al., 2015] or oxytocin [Koch et al., 2014]) and psychological routes, such as inno- vative dyadic…”
BackgroundMusculoskeletal injury survivors’ resiliency: A systematic review
Moran, M. E., Hodgson, J. L., Jensen, J. F., & Wood, T. L. (2020) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100987 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Psychologische Frühinterventionen
Bengel, J., Becker-Nehring, K., & Hillebrecht, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58470-5_10 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bertolini, F., Robertson, L., Bisson, J. I., Meader, N., Churchill, R. C., Ostuzzi, G., Stein, D. J., Williams, T., & Barbui, C. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013613.pub2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Rudzki, S. J. (2022) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usac095 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pedraza, L. K., Sierra, R. O., & Alvares, L. D. O. (2022) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2022.2027010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Thus, glucocorticoid(GRs)-based treatments are currently claimed as a therapeutic option for PTSD (Schelling et al. 2006; Golier et al. 2012, 2016; Delahanty et al. 2013).”
BackgroundPosttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Brewin, C. R. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0094 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Venero, C. (2015) · Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417042-1.00010-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Obi, T., & Ressler, K. J. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02371-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vanderhoof, S. O., Vincent, C. J., Beaver, J. N., Latsko, M. S., Aguilar-Alvarez, R., & Jasnow, A. M. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06616-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Glucocorticoids have been used with some success in adults to reduce trauma-induced PTSD symptoms (Aerni et al. 2004; Delahanty et al. 2013; Hruska et al. 2014; Schelling et al. 2001, 2004; Suris et al. 2010).”
BackgroundEffects of acute pain medications on posttraumatic stress symptoms in early aftermath of trauma
Grau, A. S., Xie, H., Redfern, R. E., Moussa, M., Wang, X., & Shih, C.-H. (2022) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000413 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A salience hypothesis of stress in PTSD
Chakraborty, P., Chattarji, S., & Jeanneteau, F. D. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15526 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Şahingöz, M., & Sarı, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92919-4_18 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prevention of PTSD in Children and Adolescents
Brymer, M. J., Louie, K. A., & Berkowitz, S. J. (2019) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20190603-01 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kern, D. M., Teneralli, R. E., Flores, C. M., Wittenberg, G. M., Gilbert, J. P., & Cepeda, M. S. (2021) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20210019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Early Psychological Interventions
Bengel, J., Becker-Nehring, K., & Hillebrecht, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64057-9_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AS PRESSING ISSUES OF OUR TIME
Mohylnyk, A., Zhyvotovska, L. V., Tarasenko, K. V., Boiko, D. I., Sonnik, Y., & Arkhipovets, O. (2023) · Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії · doi:10.31718/2077-1096.23.3.203 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Серед експериментальних методів фармакопрофілактики розвитку ПТСР в гостро-му стресовому періоді можна згадати β-блокатори [37], сертралін [38], есциталопрам [39], гідрокортизон [40], кетамін [41], габапентин [42] та окситоцин [43].”
Pharmacological Prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review
Rajkumar, R. P., & Bharadwaj, B. (2014) · Advances in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2014/529562 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Four studies [35–38] assessed the use of hydrocortisone in preventing PTSD.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEarly pharmacological interventions for acute traumatic stress symptoms: a network meta-analysis
Bertolini, F., Robertson, L., Ostuzzi, G., Meader, N., Bisson, J. I., Churchill, R. C., & Barbui, C. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013613 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rabinowitz, E. P., Sayer, M. A., Samii, M. R., Straub, E. L., Kutash, L. A., & Delahanty, D. L. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3117 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder: An overview in new diagnosis and treatment approaches
Pejušković, B. (2024) · Medicinska istrazivanja · doi:10.5937/medi57-44935 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stress, stress systems, and Alzheimer's disease
Eberly, S. G., Phumsatitpong, C., Munro, C. E., Neylan, T. C., Kaufer, D., & Ehrenberg, A. J. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71542 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Primary prevention and epidemiology of trauma- and stress-related disorders
Bragesjö, M., Holmes, E. A., Arnberg, F. K., & Andersson, E. M. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0082 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Sherrill, A. M., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.031 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bertolini, F., Robertson, L., Ostuzzi, G., Meader, N., Bisson, J., Churchill, R., & Barbui, C. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013443 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The trials testing steroids for PTSD prevention have used either single dose administration or a course of a few days in individuals with severe physical conditions (Delahanty 2013; Schelling 2001; Weis 2006).”
BackgroundStörungsspezifische Versorgung
Pajonk, F., Messer, T., & Berzewski, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61174-6_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Consequences of rape : injuries, posttraumatic stress and neuroendocrinological changes
Möller, A. T. (2015) · Figshare · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Boukef, R., Youssef, R., Yaakoubi, H., Trabelsi, I., Sekma, A., Ali, K. B. H., Salah, H. B., Baccari, A., Boukadida, L., & Zorgati, A. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.12.22268879 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This study suggests that early treatment with low dose hydrocortisone low may be effective in preventing PTSD [35].”
BackgroundŞahingöz, M., & Sarı, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99720-4_20 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Mechanistic Model for the HPA Axis Cortisol Paradox in PTSDPreprint
Danan, D., Grosskopf, Y., Hayut, Y., Toledano, Y., Doenyas‐Barak, K., Mayo, A., & Alon, U. S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.13.681561 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lawford‐Smith, H. (2015)
- Authors
- Delahanty, D. L., Gabert-Quillen, C., Ostrowski, S. A., Nugent, N. R., Fischer, B., Morris, A., Pitman, R. K., Bon, J., & Fallon, W.
- Affiliations
- Kent State University (US)
- Akron Children's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Summa Health System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Delahanty, Douglas L.
- Venue
- CNS Spectrums
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-111
- ISSN
- 1092-8529 (ISSN-L)
- 2165-6509
- PMC
- PMC5981864
- OpenAlex
- W2165080151
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 12.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- CNS Spectrums (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH087240, R34MH073014)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- cortisol, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD prevention, trauma patients, low-dose corticosteroids, depression, health-related quality of life, acute injuries
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Treatment Outcome
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