The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Contributions of risk factors and medical care to cardiovascular mortality trends
Open accessAbstract
Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) lead to 17.5 million deaths worldwide per year. Taking into account population ageing, CVD death rates are decreasing steadily both in regions with reliable trend data and globally. The declines in high-income countries and some Latin American countries have been ongoing for decades without slowing. These positive trends have broadly coincided with, and benefited from, declines in smoking and physiological risk factors, such as blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels. These declines have also coincided with, and benefited from, improvements in medical care, including primary prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of acute CVDs, as well as post-hospital care, especially in the past 40 years. These variables, however, explain neither why the decline began when it did, nor the similarities and differences in the start time and rate of the decline between countries and sexes. In Russia and some other former Soviet countries, changes in volume and patterns of alcohol consumption have caused sharp rises in CVD mortality since the early 1990s. An important challenge in reaching firm conclusions about the drivers of these remarkable international trends is the paucity of time-trend data on CVD incidence, risk factors throughout the life-course, and clinical care.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet
Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1200303 · Cited by 4,257
RetractedReduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J., Adair, T., Aggarwal, R., Ahn, S. Y., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0 · Cited by 14,070
Self-citationChobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo, J. L., Jones, D. W., Materson, B. J., Oparil, S., Wright, J. T., et al. (2003) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000107251.49515.c2 · Cited by 13,271
10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes
Holman, R. R., Paul, S. K., Bethel, M. A., Matthews, D. R., & Neil, H. A. W. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0806470 · Cited by 7,751
Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism
Tremaroli, V., & Bäckhed, F. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11552 · Cited by 4,387
Finucane, M. M., Stevens, G. A., Cowan, M. J., Danaei, G., Lin, J. K., Paciorek, C. J., Singh, G. M., Gutierrez, H. R., Lu, Y., Bahalim, A. N., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62037-5 · Cited by 4,050
Self-citationFeigin, V. L., Forouzanfar, M. H., Krishnamurthi, R., Mensah, G. A., Connor, M., Bennett, D. A., Moran, A. E., Sacco, R. L., Anderson, L., Truelsen, T., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61953-4 · Cited by 3,899
Self-citationTreatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older
Beckett, N. S., Peters, R., Fletcher, A. E., Staessen, J. A., Liu, L., Dumitrascu, D., Stoyanovsky, V., Antikainen, R. L., Nikitin, Y., Anderson, C., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0801369 · Cited by 3,092
Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes
The Look AHEAD Research Group (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1212914 · Cited by 2,908
Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J. L., & Ezzati, M. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058 · Cited by 2,860
Self-citationLaw, M. R., Morris, J. K., & Wald, N. J. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b1665 · Cited by 2,775
Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease
The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration* (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1619 · Cited by 2,731
Estrogen plus Progestin and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Manson, J. E., Hsia, J., Johnson, K. C., Rossouw, J. E., Assaf, A. R., Lasser, N. L., Trevisan, M., Black, H. R., Heckbert, S. R., Detrano, R., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030808 · Cited by 2,065
Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses
Aburto, N. J., Ziolkovska, A., Hooper, L., Elliott, P., Cappuccio, F. P., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f1326 · Cited by 1,242
Self-citationGlobal Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes
Mozaffarian, D., Fahimi, S., Singh, G. M., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Engell, R. E., Lim, S., Danaei, G., Ezzati, M., & Powles, J. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1304127 · Cited by 1,218
Self-citationMozaffarian, D., Micha, R., & Wallace, S. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252 · Cited by 1,215
Cook, N. R., Cutler, J. A., Obarzanek, E., Buring, J. E., Rexrode, K. M., Kumanyika, S. K., Appel, L. J., & Whelton, P. K. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39147.604896.55 · Cited by 1,179
The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview
Rehm, J., Baliunas, D., Borges, G. L. G., Graham, K., Irving, H., Kehoe, T., Parry, C. D., Patra, J., Popova, S., Poznyak, V., et al. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02899.x · Cited by 1,174
Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health
Brown, I. J., Tzoulaki, I., Candeias, V., & Elliott, P. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp139 · Cited by 1,173
Self-citationChowdhury, R., Warnakula, S., Kunutsor, S., Crowe, F., Ward, H. A., Johnson, L., Franco, O. H., Butterworth, A. S., Forouhi, N. G., Thompson, S. G., et al. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m13-1788 · Cited by 1,139
Achievement of Goals in U.S. Diabetes Care, 1999–2010
Ali, M. K., Bullard, K. M., Saaddine, J. B., Cowie, C. C., Imperatore, G., & Gregg, E. W. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa1213829 · Cited by 979
Nordmann, A. J., Nordmann, A., Briel, M., Keller, U., Yancy, W. S., Brehm, B. J., & Bucher, H. C. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.3.285 · Cited by 973
Yusuf, S., Islam, S., Chow, C. K., Rangarajan, S., Dagenais, G., Diaz, R., Gupta, R., Kelishadi, R., Iqbal, R., Avezum, A., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61215-4 · Cited by 964
Skyler, J. S., Bergenstal, R., Bonow, R. O., Buse, J., Deedwania, P., Gale, E. A. M., Howard, B. V., Kirkman, M. S., Kosiborod, M., Reaven, P., et al. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-9026 · Cited by 881
Singh, G. M., Danaei, G., Farzadfar, F., Stevens, G. A., Woodward, M., Wormser, D., Kaptoge, S., Whitlock, G., Qiao, Q., Lewington, S., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065174 · Cited by 772
Self-citationHe, F. J., Nowson, C. A., Lucas, M., & MacGregor, G. A. (2007) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1002212 · Cited by 741
Effects of Alcohol Reduction on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Xin, X., He, J., Frontini, M. G., Ogden, L. G., Motsamai, O. I., & Whelton, P. K. (2001) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hy1101.093424 · Cited by 738
Reducing population salt intake worldwide: from evidence to implementation
He, F. J., & MacGregor, G. A. (2010) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2009.12.006 · Cited by 625
Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights
Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., & Van Horn, L. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.968735 · Cited by 571
Health in South Africa: changes and challenges since 2009
Mayosi, B. M., Lawn, J. E., van Niekerk, A., Bradshaw, D., Abdool Karim, S. S., & Coovadia, H. M. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61814-5 · Cited by 555
Self-citationInternational Trends in Mortality From Stroke, 1968 to 1994
Sarti, C., Rastenyte, D., Cepaitis, Z., & Tuomilehto, J. (2000) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.31.7.1588 · Cited by 451
Smoke-free Legislation and Hospitalizations for Acute Coronary Syndrome
Pell, J. P., Haw, S., Cobbe, S., Newby, D. E., Pell, A. C. H., Fischbacher, C., McConnachie, A., Pringle, S., Murdoch, D., Dunn, F., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa0706740 · Cited by 446
Hazardous alcohol drinking and premature mortality in Russia: a population based case-control study
Leon, D. A., Saburova, L., Tomkins, S., Andreev, E., Kiryanov, N., McKee, M., & Shkolnikov, V. M. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60941-6 · Cited by 438
Self-citationKontis, V., Mathers, C. D., Rehm, J., Stevens, G. A., Shield, K. D., Bonita, R., Riley, L. M., Poznyak, V., Beaglehole, R., & Ezzati, M. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60616-4 · Cited by 418
Self-citationRiddle, M. C., Ambrosius, W. T., Brillon, D. J., Buse, J. B., Byington, R. P., Cohen, R. M., Goff, D. C., Malozowski, S., Margolis, K. L., Probstfield, J. L., et al. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-1278 · Cited by 406
Ezzati, M., Friedman, A. B., Kulkarni, S. C., & Murray, C. J. L. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050066 · Cited by 346
Self-citationRoerecke, M., & Rehm, J. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp451 · Cited by 307
Dietary Therapy in Hypertension
Sacks, F. M., & Campos, H. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmct0911013 · Cited by 250
Alcohol and mortality in Russia: prospective observational study of 151 000 adults
Zaridze, D., Lewington, S., Boroda, A., Scélo, G., Karpov, R., Lazarev, A., Konobeevskaya, I., Igitov, V., Terechova, T., Boffetta, P., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62247-3 · Cited by 212
Rehm, J., Kailasapillai, S., Larsen, E., Rehm, M. X., Samokhvalov, A. V., Shield, K. D., Roerecke, M., & Lachenmeier, D. W. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12498 · Cited by 192
Danaei, G., Rimm, E. B., Oza, S., Kulkarni, S. C., Murray, C. J. L., & Ezzati, M. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000248 · Cited by 191
Self-citationThe effect of the regulation on trans fatty acid content in Danish food
Leth, T., Jensen, H. G., Mikkelsen, A. Æ., & Bysted, A. (2006) · Atherosclerosis Supplements · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2006.04.019 · Cited by 182
Unrecorded consumption, quality of alcohol and health consequences
REHM, J., KANTERES, F., & LACHENMEIER, D. W. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00140.x · Cited by 160
Trends in Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease in the WHO MONICA Project
Truelsen, T., Mähönen, M., Tolonen, H., Asplund, K., Bonita, R., & Vanuzzo, D. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000069724.36173.4d · Cited by 157
Zatonski, W., Campos, H., & Willett, W. (2008) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-007-9195-1 · Cited by 119
Holmes, J., Meier, P. S., Booth, A., Guo, Y., & Brennan, A. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.005 · Cited by 112
Cholesterol Control Beyond the Clinic: New York City's Trans Fat Restriction
Angell, S. Y., Silver, L. D., Goldstein, G. P., Johnson, C. M., Deitcher, D. R., Frieden, T. R., & Bassett, M. T. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-2-200907210-00010 · Cited by 112
Progressive Decline in Stroke Mortality in Brazil From 1980 to 1982, 1990 to 1992, and 2000 to 2002
André, C., Curioni, C. C., Braga da Cunha, C., & Veras, R. (2006) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000244768.46566.73 · Cited by 71
Background paper on global trends in food production, intake and composition
Wolmarans, P. (2009) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000229005 · Cited by 55
Stringhini, S., Sinon, F., Didon, J., Gedeon, J., Paccaud, F., & Bovet, P. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.112.658468 · Cited by 31
Cited by
(2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30054-x · Cited by 5,212
“…at the population level, the eff ect of rising BMI on the course of mortality reduction has so far been somewhat small in high-income countries, 35,36 possibly because pharma cological treatment has helped reduce blood pressure and serum cholesterol and manage diabetes com plications, which…”
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015
Roth, G. A., Johnson, C., Abajobir, A., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Abyu, G., Ahmed, M., Aksut, B., Alam, T., Alam, K., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052 · Cited by 3,791
Zhou, B., Bentham, J., Di Cesare, M., Bixby, H., Danaei, G., Cowan, M. J., Paciorek, C. J., Singh, G., Hajifathalian, K., Bennett, J. E., et al. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31919-5 · Cited by 2,579
Self-citationBennett, J. E., Stevens, G. A., Mathers, C. D., Bonita, R., Rehm, J., Kruk, M. E., Riley, L. M., Dain, K., Kengne, A. P., Chalkidou, K., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31992-5 · Cited by 1,336
Self-citationEffects of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease
Kivimäki, M., & Steptoe, A. (2018) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.189 · Cited by 1,197
Metadata
- Authors
- Ezzati, M., Obermeyer, Z., Tzoulaki, I., Mayosi, B. M., Elliott, P., & Leon, D. A.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Cardiology
- Published
- 2015-06-16
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 508-530
- ISSN
- 1759-5002 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5010
- OpenAlex
- W2127689336
- Cited by
- 338
- References
- 53
- FWCI
- 5.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.