The DOI matches its Crossref record; 142 of the 142 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The origin and specification of cortical interneurons
Abstract
GABA-containing interneurons are crucial to both the development and function of the cerebral cortex. Unlike cortical projection neurons, which have a relatively conserved set of characteristics, interneurons include multiple phenotypes that vary on morphological, physiological and neurochemical axes. This diversity, and the relatively late, context-dependent maturation of defining features, has challenged efforts to uncover the transcriptional control of cortical interneuron development. Here, we discuss recent data that are beginning to illuminate the origins and specification of distinct subgroups of cortical interneurons.
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“Their 'parvalbumin' fate seems to be established at their origin, as the progenitors leave the cell cycle [127, 128].”
From Parvalbumin interneuron vulnerability and brain disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [127]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, Martinotti cells and 5-HT3AR-lacking O-LM cells arise from MGE progenitors with specification driven by the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.1 (10% of MGE-derived hippocampal interneurons based on assumptions outlined above combined with the fact that O-LMs represent 40% of SST interneurons) (102, 203, 651, 794, 1042, 1134, 1138, 1213).”
From Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons (2017) · cites this paper as [1213]
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“We also observed that over-expression of Maf at the peak of PV neurogenesis (E14.5) (23) repress PV+ interneuron fates (fig. S24, D and E).”
From Early emergence of cortical interneuron diversity in the mouse embryo (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
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“Cortical GABAergic interneurons can be isolated from the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and transplanted into the postnatal neocortex (Wichterle et al., 1999; Wonders and Anderson, 2006).”
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“, 2014) whilst caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) neurons express calretinin and neuropeptide Y (Wonders and Anderson, 2006).”
BackgroundTopological velocity inference from spatial transcriptomic data
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“The MGE serves as an important origin of cortical interneurons (Wonders & Anderson, 2006; Miyoshi, Butt, Takebayashi, & Fishell, 2007).”
BackgroundSculpting Cerebral Cortex with Serotonin in Rodent and Primate
Vitalis, T., & Verney, C. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.69000 · Cited by 14
“In rodent, the cortical GABAergic interneurons are generated outside the cortical VZ, in the subpallium: mainly in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) (E11-E14 in mice) and the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) (E14-E17 in mice) [11, 20, 52].”
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“During early cortical development, GABAergic precursors from subpallial structures enter the cortical primordium and migrate tangentially (and likely then radially) to reach their final laminar positions (Lavdas et al., 1999; Ang et al., 2003; Tanaka et al., 2006; Wonders and Anderson, 2006; Petanjek et al., 2008; Gel…”
BackgroundCell therapy for stroke: use of local astrocytes
Chouchane, M., & Costa, M. R. (2012) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2012.00049 · Cited by 14
“As we discussed above, techniques to convert astrocytes into neurons rely on genetic manipulations of the cells, which may cause unexpected genetic modifications (Yamanaka, 2007).”
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“…an essential role during development of cortical GABAergic circuitry [Cobos et al., 2005; Gant et al., 2008; Le et al., 2007; Poirier et al., 2004; Wonders & Anderson, 2006], we hypothesized that the cerebral cortex in ASD shows widespread changes in transcripts important for GABAergic circuitry,…”
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“Cortical Interneurones (Meyer and Wahle, 1988; Wonders and Anderson, 2006; BatistaBrito and Fishell, 2009; Vitalis and Rossier, 2011; Miyoshi et al., 2013; Li and Pleasure, 2014; Wamsley and Fishell, 2017, for reviews; Yavorska and Wehr, 2016, Figure 1, https://www.ncbi.…”
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Development of the Auditory Cortex
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“and their final positions in the cortical plate (Wonders and Anderson 2006).”
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Contactin-5 expression during development and wiring of the thalamocortical system
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“5 was found in the ganglionic eminence, from where neurons migrate and become cortical GABA-ergic interneurons (Wonders and Anderson, 2006).”
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Loss of KCC2 in GABAergic Neurons Causes Seizures and an Imbalance of Cortical Interneurons
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“This diversity of inhibitory signaling is mediated by a number of functionally distinct subtypes, such as parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SST) INs, which have different birth origins (Wonders and Anderson, 2006; Lim et al., 2018) and properties at maturity (Markram et al.”
BackgroundAlpha2‐adrenergic receptor activation regulates cortical interneuron migration
Riccio, O., Hurni, N., Murthy, S. S., Vutskits, L., Hein, L., & Dayer, A. G. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08231.x · Cited by 13
“In rodents, cortical interneurons are mainly generated in the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences of the subpallium and migrate tangentially to reach the developing cortex (Wonders & Anderson, 2006; Gelman & Marin, 2010; Rudy et al., 2011).”
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“N-cadherin promotes the motility and maintains the polarity of tangentially migrating interneurons (Luccardini et al., 2013).”
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“Functionally distinct types of inhibitory interneurons, characterized by differences in immunohistochemical markers and postsynaptic morphology, owe their distinctive traits to differences in their origin and regulation during fetal development [Wonders and Anderson, 2006].”
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“The origin of PVALB neurons in vivo appears to be the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), a brain region located in the ventral forebrain during embryonic development [48, 49].”
BackgroundDistinct hyperactive RAS/MAPK alleles converge on common GABAergic interneuron core programs
Knowles, S. J., Stafford, A. M., Zaman, T., Angara, K., Williams, M. R., Newbern, J. M., & Vogt, D. L. (2023) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.201371 · Cited by 14
Cell cycle regulation and interneuron production
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Specification of Cortical Projection Neurons
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iGABASnFR2 is an improved genetically encoded protein sensor of GABA
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“Despite the fact that only 20% of primary cultured neurons are expected to be inhibitory ( Wonders and Anderson, 2006 ), this pipeline was still capable of identifying improved sensor variants. iGABASnFR2 has a sevenfold increase in affinity for GABA, as well as a 30% increase in rise time kinetics…”
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Neocortical neuronal production and maturation defects in the TcMAC21 mouse model of Down syndrome
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“Cortical interneurons primarily originate from the ventral telencephalon and integrate into the cortical neural network after long distance migration (Wonders and Anderson, 2006).”
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Impaired Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells Lacking the Engrailed-2 Gene
Boschian, C., Messina, A., Bozza, A., Castellini, M. E., Provenzano, G., Bozzi, Y., & Casarosa, S. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.06.032 · Cited by 12
Clonal origins of neocortical interneurons
Sultan, K. T., Shi, W., & Shi, S. (2014) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2014.01.010 · Cited by 13
“%) or only SOM (~5%).”
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Viswanadham, V., Kim, S. N., Caglayan, E., Doan, R. N., Dou, Y., Bizzotto, S., Khoshkhoo, S., Huang, A. Y., Yeh, R. C., Chhouk, B. H., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116458 · Cited by 40
“…cortex 29–32, 34, 69, 70 but show, for the first time, that these widely dispersed Whereas GABNs appear exclusively derived from subcortical sites in the mouse, 22,78 dorsal sites, in addition to well-established subcortical sources, 21,79 appear to significantly contribute to GABNs within humans.”
Fin, N. A. S. H., Yip, A., Scott, J. T., Teo, L., Homman‐Ludiye, J., & Bourne, J. A. (2025) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.204254 · Cited by 14
Inflammation in Schizophrenia: The Role of Disordered Oscillatory Mechanisms
Speers, L. J., & Bilkey, D. K. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14090650 · Cited by 12
“Although there are a large number of different types of GABAergic interneurons in the brain [66–68], with a variety of associated characteristics [69], a considerable body of the schizophrenia research literature has tended to focus on the subset of inhibitory interneurons that are found throughout…”
van Heusden, F., Macey-Dare, A. D. B., Gordon, J., Krajeski, R. N., Sharott, A., & Ellender, T. J. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109041 · Cited by 9
“These neural progenitors are found in ganglionic eminences; transitory structures that generatemost interneurons in the brain, and spiny projection neurons (SPNs) of the striatum (Halliday and Cepko, 1992; Wonders and Anderson, 2006; Wamsley and Fishell, 2017; Tinterri et al., 2018).”
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“Precursors of most GABAergic cortical interneurons arise from the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) (Lavdas et al. 1999; Wonders and Anderson 2006).”
BackgroundRest represses maturation within migrating facial branchiomotor neurons
Love, C. E., & Prince, V. (2015) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.021 · Cited by 11
“The morphological changes we have documented in maturing FBMNs are consistent with changes observed as neurons develop from postmitotic progenitors to mature functional neurons (Ayala et al., 2007; Dotti et al., 1988; Le et al., 2007; Marin and Rubenstein, 2001; Metin et al., 2006; Wonders and Anderson, 2006).”
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Oncogenic fusions converge on shared mechanisms in initiating astroblastoma
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“The neocortex contains six neuronal layers with two major classes of neurons: glutamatergic projection neurons ( 80%), which are born in the dorsal telencephalon and migrate radially into the cortical plate (CP) in a birth date-dependent inside-out manner; and GABAergic interneurons ( 20%), which are mainly born in th…”
BackgroundPrenatal carbon monoxide impairs migration of interneurons into the cerebral cortex
Trentini, J. F., O’Neill, J. T., Poluch, S., & Juliano, S. L. (2015) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.002 · Cited by 10
Ramos, R. L., Toia, A. R., Pasternack, D. M., Dotzler, T. P., Cuoco, J. A., Esposito, A. W., Le, M. M., Parker, A. K., Goodman, J. H., & Sarkisian, M. R. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.049 · Cited by 9
“do the ventral division of the medial ganglionic eminence, while those expressing CR derive from progenitors located in the caudal ganglionic eminence (Flames and Marı́n, 2005; Wonders and Anderson, 2006; Gelman and Marı́n, 2010).”
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“Parvalbumin (PV+)- and Somatostatin (SST+)-expressing interneurons are originated from MGE (the main source) and migrate tangentially into the deep cortical layers (Gonchar et al., 2008; Marín et al., 2003; Wichterle et al., 2001; Wonders & Anderson, 2006; Xu et al., 2004).”
BackgroundBuilding blocks of the cerebral cortex: from development to the dish
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“In fact, it has been known for some time that, in the developing rat cortex, GABA is released in a controlled, stimulus-coupled, Ca-dependent fashion well before the formation of GABAergic synapses [31], probably as a regulator of neuronal network development [32].”
BackgroundGeneration of Mammalian Astrocyte Functional HeterogeneityPreprint
Bartels, T., Rowitch, D. H., & Bayraktar, O. A. (2024) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a041351 · Cited by 11
Loss of the centrosomal protein Cenpj leads to dysfunction of the hypothalamus and obesity in mice
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Noise-induced coexisting firing patterns in hybrid-synaptic interacting networks
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“GABAergic neurons play an essential role in regulating excitatory neurotransmission (21).”
BackgroundEmbryonic and adult neural stem cell research in China
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The Response to Postnatal Stress: Amino Acids Transporters and PKC Activity
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“GABA in the adult and the developing brain promotes cell migration, synaptogenesis and regulates processing of the information provided by the internal and the external environment [10, 11].”
BackgroundIdentification of a Protein Network Driving Neuritogenesis of MGE-Derived GABAergic Interneurons
Franchi, S. A., Astro, V., Macco, R., Tonoli, D., Barnier, J., Botta, M., & de Curtis, I. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00289 · Cited by 9
“Most cortical and hippocampal GABAergic interneurons are born in the caudal and medial ganglionic eminences (CGE and MGE, respectively), which are transitory embryonic structures in the ventral telencephalon (Wonders and Anderson, 2006).”
BackgroundDeng, D., Jian, C., Lei, L., Zhou, Y., McSweeney, C., Dong, F., Shen, Y., Zou, D., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.21381 · Cited by 9
“The cortical interneurons derived from IPCs in the GE migrate tangentially across areal boundaries of developing cortex, where they mature to form a functional network with excitatory neurons [49].”
BackgroundLam, D. D., Nikolic, A. A., Zhao, C., Mirza‐Schreiber, N., Krężel, W., Oexle, K., & Winkelmann, J. (2021) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddab355 · Cited by 10
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“Thus, we chose to utilize mouse medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cells, which give rise to the majority of GABAergic cortical interneurons [17], as a model system to examine the impact of WAC protein domain mutants on cellular distribution.”
MethodVoltage-Gated Na+ Channels in Alzheimer’s Disease: Physiological Roles and Therapeutic Potential
Baumgartner, T. J., Haghighijoo, Z., Goode, N. A., Dvorak, N. M., Arman, P., & Laezza, F. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13081655 · Cited by 10
“Of these subtypes, somatostatin (SOM)- and parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons comprise a large majority (~70–80%) of the hippocampal interneuron population [62].”
BackgroundAnatomical and physiological characteristics of claustrum neurons in primates and rodents
Chong, M. H. Y., & Gămănuț, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Mammal Science · doi:10.3389/fmamm.2024.1309665 · Cited by 11
Cortical interneurons: fit for function and fit to function? Evidence from development and evolution
Keijser, J., & Sprekeler, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2023.1172464 · Cited by 9
“Future PV and SST interneurons, for example, are preferentially generated within different parts of the same embryonic structure (Box 1,[44, 43]).”
BackgroundHost brain environmental influences on transplanted medial ganglionic eminence progenitors
Paternò, R., Vu, T., Hsieh, C., & Baraban, S. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52478-6 · Cited by 8
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Chen, C. Y., Plocik, A. M., Anderson, N. C., Moakley, D. F., Boyi, T., Dundes, C. E., Lassiter, C. M., Graveley, B. R., & Grabel, L. B. (2016) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-016-9676-2 · Cited by 8
Deleanu, R., Ceafalan, L. C., & Dricu, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413211 · Cited by 8
“The neurons born in the subpallium can remain in ventral regions or migrate to the dorsal regions, as is the case with cortical inhibitory neurons [14,22,33].”
BackgroundLost highway(s): barriers to postnatal cortical neurogenesis and implications for brain repair
Akhtar, A. A., & Breunig, J. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00216 · Cited by 11
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The Generation of Cortical Interneurons
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A Sip of GABA for the Cerebral Cortex
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“In this context, Nkx2-1 regulates the expression of either Lhx6 or Lhx8 to instruct the acquisition of GABAergic and cholinergic IN fates, respectively (Wonders and Anderson, 2006, Fragkouli et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPax6-/- Mice Have a Cell Nonautonomous Defect in Nonradial Interneuron Migration
Gopal, P. P., & Golden, J. A. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm114 · Cited by 8
Differences in reward processing between putative cell types in primate prefrontal cortex
Fan, H., Pan, X., Wang, R., & Sakagami, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189771 · Cited by 8
Neural precursor cells form integrated brain-like tissue when implanted into rat cerebrospinal fluid
Pothayee, N., Maric, D., Sharer, K., Tao-Cheng, J.-H., Calac, A. J., Bouraoud, N., Pickel, J. M., Dodd, S. J., & Koretsky, A. P. (2018) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0113-8 · Cited by 8
Göngrich, C., Krapacher, F. A., Munguba, H., Fernández‐Suárez, D., Andersson, A. K., Hjerling‐Leffler, J., & Ibáñez, C. F. (2019) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201905002 · Cited by 7
Peer health advisor program to reduce the health risks of university students.
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Convergent Circuit Computation for Categorization in the Brains of Primates and SongbirdsPreprint
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“To sculpture tuning curves at the level of local microcircuits, inhibitoryinterneurons,whichareoutnumbered byexcitatory neurons (mainly pyramidal projection neurons) by a ratio 4:1, play a crucial role (Markram et al. 2004; Wonders and Anderson 2006; Tremblay et al. 2016).”
BackgroundChaos shapes transient synchrony activities and switchings in the excitatory-inhibitory networks
Zhu, G., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Zheng, M., & Xu, K. (2024) · Nonlinear Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-024-09471-5 · Cited by 7
Chapman, G., Determan, J. J., Jetter, H., Kaushik, K., Prakasam, R., & Kroll, K. L. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109967 · Cited by 8
Human Brain In Vitro Model for Pathogen Infection-Related Neurodegeneration Study
Yan, Y., & Cho, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25126522 · Cited by 7
“Cortical interneurons play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of E/I within the neural circuits by using GABA as a key transmitter [22].”
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DOT1L deletion impairs the development of cortical parvalbumin-expressing interneurons
Cheffer, A., Garcia‐Miralles, M., Maier, E., Akol, I., Franz, H., Srinivasan, V. S. V., & Vogel, T. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad281 · Cited by 7
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Long-term Culture of Human iPS Cell-derived Telencephalic Neuron Aggregates on Collagen Gel
Ōyama, H., Takahashi, K., Tanaka, Y., Takemoto, H., & Haga, H. (2018) · Cell Structure and Function · doi:10.1247/csf.18002 · Cited by 7
“…mature over time and form layered structures inside The cerebral cortex layer contains approximately 80% glu‐ tamatergic neurons, and this layered structure is formed by the precise migration and differentiation of neuronal pro‐ genitor cells (Wonders and Anderson, 2006, Molyneaux et al., 2007).”
BackgroundStrength in diversity: functional diversity among olfactory neurons of the same type
Slankster-Schmierer, E., Odell, S. R., & Mathew, D. (2019) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1007/s10863-018-9779-3 · Cited by 7
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Dosage Counts: Correcting Trisomy-21-Related Phenotypes in Human Organoids and Xenografts
Manley, W. F., & Anderson, S. A. (2019) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2019.05.009 · Cited by 7
Self-citationChang, C.-C., Kuo, H., Chen, S., Lu, K.-M., Fong, W. L., Wu, H.-L., Saito, T., & Liu, F.-C. (2020) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24900 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Wonders, C. P., & Anderson, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anderson, Stewart A.
- ORCID
- Anderson, Stewart A.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2006-08-02
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 687-696
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2007034511
- Cited by
- 980
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 3.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- cortical interneurons, interneuron specification, GABAergic neurons, cortical development, transcriptional regulation, interneuron subtypes, neuronal maturation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cell Movement, Cerebral Cortex, Humans, Interneurons, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Stem Cells, Telencephalon, Biomarkers, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell Lineage
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