Exercise, Abdominal Obesity, Skeletal Muscle, and Metabolic Risk: Evidence for a Dose Response
Open accessAbstract
The obese are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. However, some who are obese have no metabolic abnormalities. So, it is not adipose tissue per se, but perhaps where it is located that is important for determining metabolic consequences. Regular exercise is known to reduce risk for metabolic disease through numerous mechanisms. The purpose of this report is to highlight some of the efficacy‐based data on the effects of exercise (and also a sedentary lifestyle) on abdominal obesity, visceral fat, and metabolic risk. We also discuss how impaired fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in skeletal muscle may be related to both insulin resistance and a contributor to weight gain. In summary, it is evident that exercise in sufficient amounts can lead to substantial decreases in body weight, total body fat, and visceral fat. Additionally, evidence now supports the conclusion that there is a dose‐response relationship between exercise amount and these changes, i.e., more exercise leads to additional benefits. Additionally, there are a number of important cardiometabolic risk factors that were most favorably effected by moderate‐intensity compared to vigorous‐intensity exercise. Unfortunately, it is also apparent that in sedentary middle‐aged men and women, short periods of physical inactivity lead to significant weight gain, substantial increases in visceral fat, and further metabolic deterioration. Finally, favorable modulation of mitochondrial oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle by exercise training may reduce a block for complete oxidation of fatty acids in muscle and thereby relieve a block to effective insulin signaling.
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Continued sedentary lifestyle in overweight or obese individuals, particularly those with metabolic abnormalities, comes at a high metabolic cost, as numerous health-related variables worsen over relatively short time periods.
“Slentz, Houmard, and Kraus (481) cite evidence to support the notion, “continued sedentary lifestyle in overweight or obese individuals—particularly those who already have some metabolic abnormalities—comes at a high metabolic cost, as numerous health-related variables worsen over relatively short time periods” (51, 123, 218, 257).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [481]
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- Authors
- Slentz, C. A., Houmard, J. A., & Kraus, W. E.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- East Carolina University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Slentz, Cris A.
- Venue
- Obesity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- S3
- Pages
- S27-33
- ISSN
- 1930-7381 (ISSN-L)
- 1930-739X
- PMC
- PMC3762482
- OpenAlex
- W1983194437
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Research Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-57354, R01HL057354)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- physical activity, abdominal obesity, visceral fat, skeletal muscle, metabolic risk, dose-response relationship, sedentary lifestyle, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, fatty acid oxidation, insulin resistance, mitochondrial oxidative capacity, weight gain, moderate-intensity exercise, exercise training
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Risk Factors, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Obesity, Abdominal, Sedentary Behavior
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