Adiposity, Fat Distribution, and Cardiovascular Risk
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative importance of adiposity and fat distribution to cardiovascular risk profile. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Clinical research center funded by the National Institutes of Health. PATIENTS: Convenience sample of 33 healthy premenopausal women with a wide range of body weight who did not have diabetes mellitus, hirsutism and virilism, gynecologic disorder, cardiac disease, or hypertension. Women participating in exercise or dietary programs or taking medication were excluded. All subjects completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Total body fat mass was determined by hydrostatic weighting, and fat distribution was assessed by subscapular skinfold thickness, subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratio, the waist-to-hip ratio, and computed tomography. Cardiovascular risk was assessed by the serum insulin response during oral glucose stimulation; levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol concentrations; and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The anthropometric parameters chosen were significantly associated with the cardiovascular risk profile (P less than 0.001). Visceral fat distribution assessed by computed tomography accounted for a significantly greater degree of variance in the cardiovascular risk factors than the total body fat mass (P less than 0.05). The cumulative insulin response was the primary metabolic variable relating the anthropometric indices to cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-abdominal fat deposition constitutes a greater cardiovascular risk than obesity alone. Hyperinsulinemia may constitute an important component of the increased cardiovascular risk of abdominal obesity.
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Central body fat accumulation is associated with insulin resistance, whereas peripheral body fat accumulation seems to be of less critical importance.
“Central body fat accumulation is associated with insulin resistance whereas peripheral body fat accumulation seems to be of less critical importance.”
From The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (2003) · cites this paper as [52]
Abdominal obesity develops later in the course of the metabolic syndrome along with NAFLD and is likely more a consequence of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle rather than a primary cause of insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia.
“These data suggest that abdominal obesity develops later in the course of the metabolic syndrome along with NAFLD and that it is likely more a consequence of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle rather than a primary cause of insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia (5–7).”
From The role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome (2007) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Peiris, A. N., Sothmann, M. S., Hoffmann, R. G., Hennes, M. I., Wilson, C. R., Gustafson, A. B., & Kissebah, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 1989-06-01
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 867-872
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- OpenAlex
- W2022094463
- Cited by
- 423
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 11.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 34989)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00058)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- adiposity, body fat distribution, cardiovascular risk, abdominal obesity, visceral fat, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, waist-to-hip ratio, subscapular skinfold, fat mass, premenopausal women, dyslipidemia, blood pressure
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Anthropometry, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Body Constitution, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Insulin, Lipids, Obesity, Risk Factors, Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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