Biological mechanisms underlying the role of physical fitness in health and resilience
Open accessAbstract
Physical fitness, achieved through regular exercise and/or spontaneous physical activity, confers resilience by inducing positive psychological and physiological benefits, blunting stress reactivity, protecting against potentially adverse behavioural and metabolic consequences of stressful events and preventing many chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical fitness on mental and physical health. Physical fitness appears to buffer against stress-related disease owing to its blunting/optimizing effects on hormonal stress responsive systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. This blunting appears to contribute to reduced emotional, physiological and metabolic reactivity as well as increased positive mood and well-being. Another mechanism whereby regular exercise and/or physical fitness may confer resilience is through minimizing excessive inflammation. Chronic psychological stress, physical inactivity and abdominal adiposity have been associated with persistent, systemic, low-grade inflammation and exert adverse effects on mental and physical health. The anti-inflammatory effects of regular exercise/activity can promote behavioural and metabolic resilience, and protect against various chronic diseases associated with systemic inflammation. Moreover, exercise may benefit the brain by enhancing growth factor expression and neural plasticity, thereby contributing to improved mood and cognition. In summary, the mechanisms whereby physical fitness promotes increased resilience and well-being and positive psychological and physical health are diverse and complex.
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Exercise induces positive mental health and improved cognitive function via enhancing neuroplasticity and growth factor expression, as well as reducing stress related complications.
“It is now widely thought that exercise induces positive mental health and improved cognitive function via enhancing neuroplasticity and growth factor expression, as well as reducing stress related complications [201].”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [201]
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Hadley, E. C., Kuchel, G. A., Newman, A. B., Allore, H. G., Bartley, J. M., Bergeman, C. S., Blinov, M. L., Colon-Emeric, C. S., Dabhar, F. S., Dugan, L. L., et al. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx015 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Population heterogeneity in such studies provides opportunities to increase the specificity of understanding of resilience factors, for example, to identify which components of physical activity may confer greater resilience to a given stressor (21).”
BackgroundMaul, S., Giegling, I., Fabbri, C., Corponi, F., Serretti, A., & Rujescu, D. (2020) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32763 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise
Alghannam, A. F., Ghaith, M. M., & Alhussain, M. H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094963 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Charting the landscape of priority problems in psychiatry, part 2: pathogenesis and aetiology
Stephan, K. E., Binder, E. B., Breakspear, M., Dayan, P., Johnstone, E. C., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Schnyder, U., Wang, X.-J., Bach, D. R., Fletcher, P. C., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00360-0 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Willis, B. L., Leonard, D., Barlow, C. E., Martin, S. B., DeFina, L. F., & Trivedi, M. H. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1467 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
- Authors
- Silverman, M. N., & Deuster, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
- ORCID
- Deuster, Patricia A.
- Venue
- Interface Focus
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2014-10-06
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 20140040
- ISSN
- 2042-8898 (ISSN-L)
- 2042-8901
- PMC
- PMC4142018
- OpenAlex
- W2158629827
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 226
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Interface Focus (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- physical fitness, resilience, physical activity, psychological stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system, stress reactivity, low-grade inflammation, abdominal fat, positive mood, well-being, neuroplasticity, growth factors, chronic disease prevention
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