Ras signaling is essential for skin development
Abstract
Proliferation in the epidermis is a tightly controlled process. During skin development, epidermis formation and hair follicle morphogenesis crucially depend on the regulated balance between proliferation and differentiation. Here we deleted all three Ras loci (H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras) from keratinocytes in vitro as well as specifically from the epidermis in mice using a K5Cre strain. Upon Ras elimination, keratinocytes ceased proliferation and entered into senescence without any signs of apoptosis induction. Constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was able to partially rescue the proliferative defects. In mice, Ras signaling was essential for proper development of the epidermis and hair follicles. Deletion of the three Ras loci during epidermis formation in mouse embryos caused a dramatic decrease in proliferation, resulting in a substantially thinner epidermis and delayed appearance of differentiation markers. We could not detect apoptotic or senescent cells in these embryos suggesting that loss of Ras protein expression only leads to severe hypoproliferation. These observations provide genetic evidence for an essential role of Ras proteins in the control of keratinocyte and epidermal proliferation.
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In mice, ablation of all RAS isoform expression causes death of adult mice within a few weeks, unlike the late effects of KRAS inactivation.
“the ablation of all RAS isoform expression causes death of adult mice within a few weeks of induction (60, 61).”
From Expanding the Reach of Precision Oncology by Drugging All <i>KRAS</i> Mutants (2022) · cites this paper as [61]
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Drosten, M., Lechuga, C. G., & Barbacid, M. (2014) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2275
Self-citationPiao, Z., Yoo, D. S., Park, S. H., Kim, D. S., Yoon, S. E., Yoon, J. H., Lee, J., Kim, J. H., & Cho, J. Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl48168
Li, W., Lv, Q., Su, Y., Liu, C., Jing, X., Wu, Y., Wang, X., Quan, G., Han, D., Li, C., et al. (2026) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2026.03.007
Disease-specific biomarkers of pathogenic HRAS variants in human immortalized keratinocytes
Mair, T., Nauth, T., Voß, H., Rickassel, V., Deden, S., Schlüter, H., & Rosenberger, G. (2026) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddag050
- Authors
- Drosten, M., Lechuga, C. G., & Barbacid, M.
- Affiliations
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Drosten, M
- Barbacid, M
- Venue
- Oncogene
- Published
- 2013-07-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 2857-2865
- ISSN
- 0950-9232 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5594
- OpenAlex
- W1994992191
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oncogene (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Hair Growth and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Keywords
- Ras signaling, skin development, epidermal development, hair follicle morphogenesis, keratinocyte proliferation, keratinocyte differentiation, keratinocyte senescence, H-Ras, NRAS, KRAS, MAPK signaling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Epidermis, Skin, Signal Transduction, Keratinocytes, Cellular Senescence, Mice, Knockout, ras Proteins, Hair Follicle, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, Cell Proliferation, Mice
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