A comprehensive guide for the recognition and classification of distinct stages of hair follicle morphogenesis
Open accessAbstract
Numerous spontaneous and experimentally induced mouse mutations develop a hair phenotype, which is often associated with more or less discrete abnormalities in hair follicle development. In order to recognize these, it is critically important to be able to determine and to classify accurately the major stages of normal murine hair follicle morphogenesis. As an aid, we propose a pragmatic and comprehensive guide, modified after previous suggestions by Hardy, and provide a list of easily recognizable classification criteria, illustrated by representative micrographs. Basic and more advanced criteria are distinguished, the former being applicable to all mouse strains and requiring only simple histologic stains (hematoxylin and eosin, Giemsa, periodic acid Schiff, alkaline phosphatase activity), the latter serving as auxiliary criteria, which require a pigmented mouse strain (like C57BL/6J) or immunohistochemistry (interleukin-1 receptor type I, transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II). In addition, we present simplified, computer-generated schematic drawings for the standardized recording and reporting of gene and antigen expression patterns during hair follicle development. This classification aid serves as a basic introduction into the field of hair follicle morphogenesis, aims at standardizing the presentation of related hair research data, and should become a useful tool when screening new mouse mutants for discrete abnormalities of hair follicle morphogenesis (compared with the respective wild type) in a highly reproducible, easily applicable, and quantifiable manner.
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During embryonic stages 7-8, neural crest-derived melanocytes in the HF matrix pigment the hair shaft, sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles develop, and the dermis forms a hypodermal layer rich with adipocytes.
“During the embryonic stages 7–8, neural crest-derived melanocytes in the HF matrix pigment the hair shaft, sebaceous glands (SGs) and arrector pili muscles develop, and the dermis forms a hypodermal layer rich with adipocytes (Paus et al., 1999).”
From Hair Follicle Development in Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Skin Organoids (2018) · cites this paper as Paus et al., 1999
The Stage 7 section describes the hair shaft entering the canal beside an enlarged sebaceous gland, and Stage 8 describes a prominent shaft emerging through the epidermis. Stages 5–6 place the onset of pigmentation and sebaceous-gland formation earlier than stages 7–8. Our copy does not establish the melanocytes’ neural-crest origin, development of arrector pili muscles at these stages, or formation of an adipocyte-rich hypodermal layer; the Stage 8 subcutaneous muscle layer is not identified as the arrector pili muscle. No page numbers are available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn mice, HF development has been classified into discrete stages.
“In mice, HF development has been classified into discrete stages (Paus et al., 1999; Figure 4A).”
From Hair Follicle Development in Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Skin Organoids (2018) · cites this paper as Paus et al., 1999
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- Authors
- van der Veen, C., Handjiski, B., Paus, R., Müller-Röver, S., Maurer, M., Eichmüller, S., Ling, G., Hofmann, U., Foitzik, K., & Mecklenburg, L.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Paus, Ralf
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 523-532
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2041693867
- Cited by
- 553
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 20.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Hair Growth and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › dental development and anomalies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Keywords
- hair follicle morphogenesis, classification criteria, mouse mutants, tissue staining, IL1R1, gene expression patterns, immunohistochemistry, standardized reporting
- MeSH terms
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II, Animals, Immunohistochemistry, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Morphogenesis, Phenotype, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Receptors, Interleukin-1, Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Hair Follicle, Mice
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