Scratching the surface of skin development
Open accessAbstract
The epidermis and its appendages develop from a single layer of multipotent embryonic progenitor keratinocytes. Embryonic stem cells receive cues from their environment that instruct them to commit to a particular differentiation programme and generate a stratified epidermis, hair follicles or sebaceous glands. Exciting recent developments have focused on how adult skin epithelia maintain populations of stem cells for use in the natural cycles of hair follicle regeneration and for re-epithelialization in response to wounding.
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In early gestation, HF patterning is initiated by mesenchymal signals together with epithelial Wnt signaling to induce hair placodes.
“In early gestation, HF patterning is initiated by signals from the mesenchyme, in conjunction with epithelial Wnt signaling, to induce the formation of thickened regions of epithelium, known as hair placodes [11, 12].”
From The empowering influence of air-liquid interface culture on skin organoid hair follicle development (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
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WNT Signals Are Required for the Initiation of Hair Follicle Development
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Self-citationNeural induction: old problem, new findings, yet more questions
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“Conversely, the acquisition of neural fate arises when, in the absence of a Wnt signal, the ectoderm is able to receive and translate activating cues by FGFs, which then attenuate BMP signalling through inhibitory cue”
Backgroundβ-catenin activation is necessary and sufficient to specify the dorsal dermal fate in the mouse
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“Hair formation Mesenchymal cells from the dorsal backskin dermis are derived from dermomyotome, in which Wnt signalling specifies their fat”
BackgroundGene defect in ectodermal dysplasia implicates a death domain adapter in development
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D'Orazio, J., Jarrett, S., Amaro-Ortiz, A., & Scott, T. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms140612222 · Cited by 1,984 · see citing works
Efficient and rapid generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human keratinocytes
Aasen, T., Raya, A., Barrero, M. J., Garreta, E., Consiglio, A., Gonzalez, F., Vassena, R., Bilić, J., Pekarik, V., Tiscornia, G., et al. (2008) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1503 · Cited by 1,423 · see citing works
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors, Stem Cells, and Cancer
Keith, B., & Simon, M. C. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.019 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
A skin microRNA promotes differentiation by repressing ‘stemness’
Yi, R., Poy, M. N., Stoffel, M., & Fuchs, E. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06642 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Self-citationAugmented Wnt signaling in a mammalian model of accelerated aging
Liu, H., Fergusson, M. M., Castilho, R. M., Liu, J., Cao, L., Chen, J., Malide, D., Rovira, I. I., Schimel, D., Kuo, C. J., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1143578 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Pasolli, H. A., & Fuchs, E. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1019603108 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citationJoost, S., Zeisel, A., Jacob, T., Sun, X., La Manno, G., Lönnerberg, P., Linnarsson, S., & Kasper, M. (2016) · Cell Systems · doi:10.1016/j.cels.2016.08.010 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Transforming growth factor‐β in stem cells and tissue homeostasis
Xu, X., Zheng, L., Yuan, Q., Zhen, G., Crane, J. L., Zhou, X., & Cao, X. (2018) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-017-0005-4 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
A Single-Cell Transcriptomic Atlas of Human Skin Aging
Zou, Z., Long, X., Zhao, Q., Zheng, Y., Song, M., Ma, S., Jing, Y., Wang, S., He, Y., Esteban, C. R., et al. (2021) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.002 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Asymmetric cell divisions promote Notch-dependent epidermal differentiation
Williams, S. E., Beronja, S., Pasolli, H. A., & Fuchs, E. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09793 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citationImpaired Epidermal to Dendritic T Cell Signaling Slows Wound Repair in Aged Skin
Keyes, B. E., Liu, S., Asare, A., Naik, S., Levorse, J., Polak, L., Lu, C. P., Nikolova, M., Pasolli, H. A., & Fuchs, E. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.052 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Self-citationFully functional hair follicle regeneration through the rearrangement of stem cells and their niches
Toyoshima, K.-E., Asakawa, K., Ishibashi, N., Toki, H., Ogawa, M., Hasegawa, T., Irié, T., Tachikawa, T., Sato, A., Takeda, A., et al. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1784 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
More than one way to skin . . .
Fuchs, E., & Horsley, V. (2008) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1645908 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationLien, W.-H., Guo, X., Polak, L., Lawton, L. N., Young, R. A., Zheng, D., & Fuchs, E. (2011) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2011.07.015 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationThe extracellular matrix dimension of skeletal muscle development
Thorsteinsdóttir, S., Deries, M., Cachaço, A. S., & Bajanca, F. (2011) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.015 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
MYC in mammalian epidermis: how can an oncogene stimulate differentiation?
Watt, F. M., Frye, M., & Benitah, S. A. (2008) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2328 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is essential for de novo hair follicle regeneration
Chen, Y., Fan, Z., Wang, X., Mo, M., Zeng, S. B., Xu, R.-H., Wang, X., & Wu, Y. (2020) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-020-01650-6 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Epidermal Development in Mammals: Key Regulators, Signals from Beneath, and Stem Cells
Liu, S., Zhang, H., & Duan, E. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms140610869 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Flores, I., & Blasco, M. A. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004934 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Involvement of Wnt, Eda and Shh at defined stages of sweat gland development
Cui, C.-Y., Yin, M., Sima, J., Childress, V., Michel, M., Piao, Y., & Schlessinger, D. (2014) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.109231 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Cutaneous glucocorticosteroidogenesis: securing local homeostasis and the skin integrity
Slominski, A. T., Manna, P. R., & Tuckey, R. C. (2014) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.12376 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ohtani, N., Imamura, Y., Yamakoshi, K., Hirota, F., Nakayama, R., Kubo, Y., Ishimaru, N., Takahashi, A., Hirao, A., Shimizu, T., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706949104 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Etiology and pathogenesis of ectodermal dysplasias
Itin, P. H. (2014) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36550 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Defining hair follicles in the age of stem cell bioengineering
Chuong, C.-M., Cotsarelis, G., & Stenn, K. (2007) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700947 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Blimp1+ cells generate functional mouse sebaceous gland organoids in vitro
Feldman, A., Mukha, D., Maor, I. I., Sedov, E., Koren, E., Yosefzon, Y., Shlomi, T., & Fuchs, Y. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10261-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ras signaling is essential for skin development
Drosten, M., Lechuga, C. G., & Barbacid, M. (2014) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2013.254 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hair Follicle Transplantation for Wound Repair
Nuutila, K. (2021) · Advances in Wound Care · doi:10.1089/wound.2019.1139 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Maier, H., Meixner, M., Hartmann, D., Sandhoff, R., Wang-Eckhardt, L., Zöller, I., Gieselmann, V., & Eckhardt, M. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.231977 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tissue Biology: In Search of a New Paradigm
Adler, M., Chavan, A. R., & Medzhitov, R. (2023) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120420-113830 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Coupling of the radiosensitivity of melanocyte stem cells to their dormancy during the hair cycle
Ueno, M., Aoto, T., Mohri, Y., Yokozeki, H., & Nishimura, E. K. (2014) · Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research · doi:10.1111/pcmr.12251 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
In vitro skin models to study epithelial regeneration from the hair follicle
Ojeh, N., Akgül, B., Tomic-Canic, M., Philpott, M., & Navsaria, H. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174389 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The empowering influence of air-liquid interface culture on skin organoid hair follicle development
Sun, J., Ahmed, I., Brown, J., Khosrotehrani, K., & Shafiee, A. (2025) · Burns & Trauma · doi:10.1093/burnst/tkae070 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fuchs, E.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fuchs, Elaine
- ORCID
- Fuchs, Elaine
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2007-02
- Volume
- 445
- Issue
- 7130
- Pages
- 834-842
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2405926
- OpenAlex
- W2081588299
- Cited by
- 930
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 11.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR027883)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Hair Growth and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- skin development, epidermis, keratinocytes, embryonic stem cells, hair follicle, sebaceous glands, stratified epithelium, stem cell maintenance, hair follicle regeneration, re-epithelialization, wound healing, cell differentiation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hair, Humans, Sebaceous Glands, Skin, Stem Cells, Hair Follicle, Regenerative Medicine
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