CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 240Treatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesFunctional Brain Connectivity Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Data-driven biological subtypes of depression: systematic review of biological approaches to depression subtyping

Open access
Beijers, Lian, Wardenaar, Klaas J., van Loo, Hanna M., Schoevers, Robert A.·2019·Molecular Psychiatry
DOI 10.1038/s41380-019-0385-5
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Research into major depressive disorder (MDD) is complicated by population heterogeneity, which has motivated the search for more homogeneous subtypes through data-driven computational methods to identify patterns in data. In addition, data on biological differences could play an important role in identifying clinically useful subtypes. This systematic review aimed to summarize evidence for biological subtypes of MDD from data-driven studies. We undertook a systematic literature search of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase (December 2018). We included studies that identified (1) data-driven subtypes of MDD based on biological variables, or (2) data-driven subtypes based on clinical features (e.g., symptom patterns) and validated these with biological variables post-hoc. Twenty-nine publications including 24 separate analyses in 20 unique samples were identified, including a total of ~ 4000 subjects. Five out of six biochemical studies indicated that there might be depression subtypes with and without disturbed neurotransmitter levels, and one indicated there might be an inflammatory subtype. Seven symptom-based studies identified subtypes, which were mainly determined by severity and by weight gain vs. loss. Two studies compared subtypes based on medication response. These symptom-based subtypes were associated with differences in biomarker profiles and functional connectivity, but results have not sufficiently been replicated. Four out of five neuroimaging studies found evidence for groups with structural and connectivity differences, but results were inconsistent. The single genetic study found a subtype with a distinct pattern of SNPs, but this subtype has not been replicated in an independent test sample. One study combining all aforementioned types of data discovered a subtypes with different levels of functional connectivity, childhood abuse, and treatment response, but the sample size was small. Although the reviewed work provides many leads for future research, the methodological differences across studies and lack of replication preclude definitive conclusions about the existence of clinically useful and generalizable biological subtypes.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41380-019-0385-5

Cites

100 of 100 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 240

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Beijers, L., Wardenaar, K. J., van Loo, H. M., & Schoevers, R. A.
Affiliations
University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
Corresponding author
Beijers, Lian
ORCID
Venue
Molecular Psychiatry
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-03-01
Volume
24
Issue
6
Pages
888-900
ISSN
  • 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5578
DOI
10.1038/s41380-019-0385-5
OpenAlex
W2919937325
Cited by
240
References
99
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 7
FWCI
2.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Keywords
major depressive disorder, depression subtypes, biological heterogeneity, neurotransmitter levels, inflammatory depression, biomarker profiles, functional connectivity, neuroimaging, genetic subtypes, childhood abuse, treatment response, weight gain and loss
MeSH terms
Adult, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Genetic Association Studies, Neuroimaging

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review