The Economic Burden of Adults With Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010)

Greenberg, Paul E.; Fournier, Andree-Anne; Sisitsky, Tammy; Pike, Crystal T.; Kessler, Ronald C.

doi:10.4088/jcp.14m09298

Cited by 1,779Mental Health Treatment and AccessTreatment of Major DepressionHealth Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life

The Economic Burden of Adults With Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010)

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Greenberg, Paul E., Fournier, Andree-Anne, Sisitsky, Tammy, Pike, Crystal T., Kessler, Ronald C.·2015·The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

DOI 10.4088/jcp.14m09298

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The economic burden of depression in the United States--including major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, and dysthymia--was estimated at $83.1 billion in 2000. We update these findings using recent data, focusing on MDD alone and accounting for comorbid physical and psychiatric disorders. METHOD: Using national survey (DSM-IV criteria) and administrative claims data (ICD-9 codes), we estimate the incremental economic burden of individuals with MDD as well as the share of these costs attributable to MDD, with attention to any changes that occurred between 2005 and 2010. RESULTS: The incremental economic burden of individuals with MDD increased by 21.5% (from $173.2 billion to $210.5 billion, inflation-adjusted dollars). The composition of these costs remained stable, with approximately 45% attributable to direct costs, 5% to suicide-related costs, and 50% to workplace costs. Only 38% of the total costs were due to MDD itself as opposed to comorbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbid conditions account for the largest portion of the growing economic burden of MDD. Future research should analyze further these comorbidities as well as the relative importance of factors contributing to that growing burden. These include population growth, increase in MDD prevalence, increase in treatment cost per individual with MDD, changes in employment and treatment rates, as well as changes in the composition and quality of MDD treatment services.

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MDD comorbidity with substance use disorders remains a substantial public health and economic burden.
“With increasingly positive attitudes toward substance use [64][65][66] and increasing rates of adult SUDs and associated problems, 24,41,42,[67][68][69] MDD comorbidity with SUDs remains a substantial public health 24,70 and economic 16 burden.”
From Epidemiology of Adult DSM-5 Major Depressive Disorder and Its Specifiers in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
The Discussion reports a substantial economic burden among people with MDD and attributes a large share to comorbid conditions. The Demographics section identifies alcohol and drug abuse as comorbidities, but the paper does not isolate the economic burden of MDD comorbid with substance use disorders. In the citing sentence, this source is attached to the economic-burden claim; the public-health claim has separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Although mobile apps targeting treatment adherence have been understudied, several recent examples have shown promise: AiCure uses a HIPAA-compliant and scalable AI platform to monitor treatment adherence; Mango Health and Health Prize are incentive-based apps to improve access and adherence to prescribed treatments; Medisafe is an app that provides reminders and alerts for users to take theirpres
“Although mobile apps targeting treatment adherence have been understudied, several recent examples have shown promise: AiCure uses a HIPAA-compliant and scalable AI platform to monitor treatment adherence 86,87 ; Mango Health and Health Prize are incentive-based apps to improve access and adherence to prescribed treatments 88,89 ; Medisafe is an app that provides reminders and alerts for users to”
From Digital health technologies and major depressive disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [87]

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Authors: Greenberg, P. E., Fournier, A.-A., Sisitsky, T., Pike, C. T., & Kessler, R. C.
Affiliations: Analysis Group (United States) (US)
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Greenberg, Paul E.
ORCID: Kessler, Ronald C.
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
Publisher: Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
Published: 2015-02-25
Volume: 76
Issue: 02
Pages: 155-162
ISSN: 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.4088/jcp.14m09298
OpenAlex: W2039056175
Cited by: 1,779
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 196 · 2021: 305 · 2020: 216 · 2019: 191 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 144 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 223.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
Keywords: major depressive disorder, economic burden, comorbidities, direct medical costs, treatment costs, mental health service utilization, bipolar disorder, dysthymia
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States, Comorbidity, Health Care Costs, Cost of Illness, Young Adult

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The Economic Burden of Adults With Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010)

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