An assessment of the existence of adult neurogenesis in humans and value of its rodent models for neuropsychiatric diseases
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In sub-mammalian vertebrates like fishes, amphibians, and reptiles, new neurons are produced during the entire lifespan. This capacity diminishes considerably in birds and even more in mammals where it persists only in the olfactory system and hippocampal dentate gyrus. Adult neurogenesis declines even more drastically in nonhuman primates and recent evidence shows that this is basically extinct in humans. Why should such seemingly useful capacity diminish during primate evolution? It has been proposed that this occurs because of the need to retain acquired complex knowledge in stable populations of neurons and their synaptic connections during many decades of human life. In this review, we will assess critically the claim of significant adult neurogenesis in humans and show how current evidence strongly indicates that humans lack this trait. In addition, we will discuss the allegation of many rodent studies that adult neurogenesis is involved in psychiatric diseases and that it is a potential mechanism for human neuron replacement and regeneration. We argue that these reports, which usually neglect significant structural and functional species-specific differences, mislead the general population into believing that there might be a cure for a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases as well as stroke and brain trauma by genesis of new neurons and their incorporation into existing synaptic circuitry.
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The ability to visualize newborn neurons depends heavily on tissue fixation procedures, experimental protocols, and subject selection.
“The ability to visualize newborn neurons is heavily dependent on tissue fixation procedures, experimental protocols, and subject selection, as previously described102, 104, 105.”
From Dysregulation of adult hippocampal neuroplasticity in major depression: Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications (2022) · cites this paper as [105]
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D’Alessio, L., Konopka, H., Escobar, E., et al. (2015) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2015.02.008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [42]Duque A, Rakic P. Identification of proliferating and migrating cells by BrdU and other thymidine analogues. Benefits and limitations. In: Merighi A, Lossi L, editors. Immunocytochemistry and related techniques. Totowa, NJ: Springer; 2015, p. 123– 9.
- [86]Klosovskii B Fundamental priciples of the development, structure and function of the vaso-capillary network of the brain In: Haigh B, editor. The development of the brain and its disturbance by harmful factors. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1963, p. 44– 54.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tartt, A. N., Mariani, M. B., Hen, R., Mann, J. J., & Boldrini, M. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01520-y · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, G. S., Chuchta, T. G., & McNay, E. C. (2023) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14160 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neurogenesis and Neuroinflammation in Dialogue: Mapping Gaps, Modulating Microglia, Rewiring Aging
Tanaka, M. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15010078 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Duque, A., Arellano, J. I., & Rakic, P.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rakic, Pasko
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 2021-10-19
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 377-382
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- PMC
- PMC8967762
- OpenAlex
- W3205073971
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 10
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA023999)
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (MH113257)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- adult neurogenesis, human brain, rodent models, neuropsychiatric disorders, dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb, primate evolution, species differences, stroke, traumatic brain injury, synaptic circuitry
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hippocampus, Humans, Neurons, Primates, Rodentia, Species Specificity, Neurogenesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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