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Epicardial adipose tissue in contemporary cardiology

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Iacobellis, Gianluca·2022·Nature Reviews Cardiology

DOI 10.1038/s41569-022-00679-9PMC PMC8926097

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Abstract

Interest in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is growing rapidly, and research in this area appeals to a broad, multidisciplinary audience. EAT is unique in its anatomy and unobstructed proximity to the heart and has a transcriptome and secretome very different from that of other fat depots. EAT has physiological and pathological properties that vary depending on its location. It can be highly protective for the adjacent myocardium through dynamic brown fat-like thermogenic function and harmful via paracrine or vasocrine secretion of pro-inflammatory and profibrotic cytokines. EAT is a modifiable risk factor that can be assessed with traditional and novel imaging techniques. Coronary and left atrial EAT are involved in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation, respectively, and it also contributes to the development and progression of heart failure. In addition, EAT might have a role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related cardiac syndrome. EAT is a reliable potential therapeutic target for drugs with cardiovascular benefits such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. This Review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the role of EAT in cardiovascular disease and highlights the translational nature of EAT research and its applications in contemporary cardiology.

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Adipogenesis and epicardial adipose tissue: A novel fate of the epicardium induced by mesenchymal transformation and PPARγ activation
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Association of Epicardial Adipose Tissue With Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification Is More Pronounced in the Early Phase of Atherosclerosis
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Mutual Regulation of Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Myocardial Redox State by PPAR-γ/Adiponectin Signalling
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Epicardial Adipokines in Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease Induce Atherogenic Changes in Monocytes and Endothelial Cells
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Effects of Semaglutide Versus Dulaglutide on Epicardial Fat Thickness in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity
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Proteomic analysis of epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue reveals differences in proteins involved in oxidative stress
Salgado‐Somoza, A., Teijeira‐Fernández, E., Fernández, Á. L., González‐Juanatey, J. R., & Eirás, S. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00120.2010 · Cited by 167
Myocardial adipose deposition and the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
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Quantitative Analysis of Quantity and Distribution of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Surrounding the Left Atrium in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Effect of Recurrence After Ablation
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Validation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of pericardial adipose tissue volume
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Relation of echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness and myocardial fat
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Adipocytes modulate the electrophysiology of atrial myocytes: implications in obesity-induced atrial fibrillation
Lin, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, J.-H., Chen, S.-A., & Chen, Y. (2012) · Basic Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00395-012-0293-1 · Cited by 145
Association Between Epicardial Adipose Tissue Volumes on 3-Dimensional Reconstructed CT Images and Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation After Catheter Ablation
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Epicardial adipose tissue in patients with heart failure
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Epicardial Adipose Tissue as a Source of Nuclear Factor-κB and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Mediated Inflammation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Baker, A. R., Harte, A. L., Howell, N., Pritlove, D. C., Ranasinghe, A. M., da Silva, N. F., Youssef, E. M., Khunti, K., Davies, M. J., Bonser, R. S., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2579 · Cited by 131
Epicardial adipose tissue has a unique transcriptome modified in severe coronary artery disease
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Effects of Dapagliflozin on Epicardial Fat Thickness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity
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Increased expression and secretion of resistin in epicardial adipose tissue of patients with acute coronary syndrome
Langheim, S., Dreas, L., Veschini, L., Maisano, F., Foglieni, C., Ferrarello, S., Sinagra, G., Zingone, B., Alfieri, O., Ferrero, E., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00617.2009 · Cited by 126
Ipragliflozin Reduces Epicardial Fat Accumulation in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Visceral Obesity: A Pilot Study
Fukuda, T., Bouchi, R., Terashima, M., Sasahara, Y., Asakawa, M., Takeuchi, T., Nakano, Y., Murakami, M., Minami, I., Izumiyama, H., et al. (2017) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-017-0279-y · Cited by 126
Local Production of Fatty Acid–Binding Protein 4 in Epicardial/Perivascular Fat and Macrophages Is Linked to Coronary Atherosclerosis
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Epicardial Adipose Tissue as a Predictor of Coronary Artery Disease in Asymptomatic Subjects
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Association between omentin-1 expression in human epicardial adipose tissue and coronary atherosclerosis
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Epicardial adipose tissue GLP-1 receptor is associated with genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and white-to-brown fat differentiation: a target to modulate cardiovascular risk?
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Obesity as a Potential Predictor of Disease Severity in Young COVID‐19 Patients: A Retrospective Study
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Long-Term Suppression of Atrial Fibrillation by Botulinum Toxin Injection Into Epicardial Fat Pads in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
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Influence of Epicardial and Visceral Fat on Left Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Functions in Patients After Myocardial Infarction
Fontes‐Carvalho, R., Oliveira, M. F., Sampaio, F., Mâncio, J., Bettencourt, N., Teixeira, M., Gonçalves, F. R., Gama, V., & Leite-Moreira, A. F. (2014) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.08.037 · Cited by 114
Effects of statins on the epicardial fat thickness in patients with coronary artery stenosis underwent percutaneous coronary intervention: Comparison of atorvastatin with simvastatin/ezetimibe
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Epicardial fat thickness and coronary artery disease correlate independently of obesity
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Human epicardial fat expresses glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 receptors genes
Iacobellis, G., Camarena, V., Sant, D., & Wang, G. (2017) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0043-109563 · Cited by 112
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Reduction of Sympathetic Activity via Adrenal-targeted GRK2 Gene Deletion Attenuates Heart Failure Progression and Improves Cardiac Function after Myocardial Infarction
Lymperopoulos, A., Rengo, G., Gao, E., Ebert, S. N., Dorn, G. W., & Koch, W. J. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.077859 · Cited by 111
Short-term effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists on fat distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An ultrasonography study
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p53 Functions in Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Homeostasis
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Evolutional change in epicardial fat and its correlation with myocardial diffuse fibrosis in heart failure patients
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Epicardial fat: a new cardiovascular therapeutic target
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Secretory Type II Phospholipase A2 Is Produced and Secreted by Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Overexpressed in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
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Increased Epicardial Adipose Tissue Volume Correlates With Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation in Patients With Heart Failure
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Association of epicardial adipose tissue with coronary atherosclerosis is region-specific and independent of conventional risk factors and intra-abdominal adiposity
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Atrial natriuretic peptide regulates adipose tissue accumulation in adult atria
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Association between epicardial adipose tissue volume and characteristics of non-calcified plaques assessed by coronary computed tomographic angiography
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Obesity and diabetes are major risk factors for epicardial adipose tissue inflammation
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Presence of fatty-acid-binding protein 4 expression in human epicardial adipose tissue in metabolic syndrome
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Relation between cardiovascular disease risk factors and epicardial adipose tissue density on cardiac computed tomography in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events
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Reactivation of the Epicardium at the Origin of Myocardial Fibro-Fatty Infiltration During the Atrial Cardiomyopathy
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Prognostic value of epicardial fat volume measurements by computed tomography: a systematic review of the literature
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Association of chemerin mRNA expression in human epicardial adipose tissue with coronary atherosclerosis
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Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness and Ablation Outcome of Atrial Fibrillation
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Association of epicardial adipose tissue attenuation with coronary atherosclerosis in patients with a high risk of coronary artery disease.
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Depot-Specific Overexpression of Proinflammatory, Redox, Endothelial Cell, and Angiogenic Genes in Epicardial Fat Adjacent to Severe Stable Coronary Atherosclerosis
Sacks, H. S., Fain, J. N., Cheema, P. S., Bahouth, S. W., Garrett, E., Wolf, R. Y., Wolford, D., & Samaha, J. K. (2011) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2011.0024 · Cited by 83
Persistent epicardial adipose tissue accumulation is associated with coronary plaque vulnerability and future acute coronary syndrome in non-obese subjects with coronary artery disease.
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Epicardial Fat Volume in Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
Khawaja, T., Greer, C. E., Chokshi, A. D., Chavarria, N., Thadani, S. R., Jones, M., Schaefle, K. J., Bhatia, K., Collado, J., Shimbo, D., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.058 · Cited by 81
Glucose uptake and lipid metabolism are impaired in epicardial adipose tissue from heart failure patients with or without diabetes
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PET/CT evaluation of 18F-FDG uptake in pericoronary adipose tissue in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Independent predictor of atherosclerotic lesions’ formation?
Mazurek, T., Kobylecka, M., Zielenkiewicz, M., Kurek, A., Kochman, J., Filipiak, K. J., Mazurek, K., Huczek, Z., Królicki, L., & Opolski, G. (2016) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s12350-015-0370-6 · Cited by 74
Epicardial adipose tissue assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy
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Synergistic anti-inflammatory effect: Simvastatin and pioglitazone reduce inflammatory markers of plasma and epicardial adipose tissue of coronary patients with metabolic syndrome
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Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Intracoronary Adrenomedullin Levels in Coronary Artery Disease
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Novel atherogenic pathways from the differential transcriptome analysis of diabetic epicardial adipose, tissue
Camarena, V., Sant, D., Mohseni, M., Salerno, T., Zaleski, M. L., Wang, G., & Iacobellis, G. (2017) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.05.010 · Cited by 67
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Proteomics of epicardial adipose tissue in patients with heart failure
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Increased Bioactive Lipids Content in Human Subcutaneous and Epicardial Fat Tissue Correlates with Insulin Resistance
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Arrhythmogenic Evidence for Epicardial Adipose Tissue: Heart Rate Variability and Turbulence are Influenced by Epicardial Fat Thickness
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Does epicardial fat contribute to COVID-19 myocardial inflammation?
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Abundant epicardial adipose tissue surrounding the left atrium predicts early rather than late recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation
Masuda, M., Mizuno, H., Enchi, Y., Minamiguchi, H., Konishi, S., Ohtani, T., Yamaguchi, O., Okuyama, Y., Nanto, S., & Sakata, Y. (2015) · Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology · doi:10.1007/s10840-015-0031-3 · Cited by 61
Coronary artery disease is associated with higher epicardial Retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) and lower glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 levels in epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue
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Epicardial adipose tissue is associated with extent of pneumonia and adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19
Grodecki, K., Lin, A., Razipour, A., Cadet, S. J., McElhinney, P. A., Chan, C., Pressman, B. D., Julien, P. J., Maurovich‐Horvat, P., Gaibazzi, N., et al. (2020) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154436 · Cited by 61
Periatrial epicardial adipose tissue thickness is an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence after cryoballoon-based pulmonary vein isolation
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Impact of epicardial fat volume on coronary artery disease in symptomatic patients with a zero calcium score
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Epicardial fat gene expression after aerobic exercise training in pigs with coronary atherosclerosis: relationship to visceral and subcutaneous fat
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Epicardial Fat in Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure
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Human Epicardial Adipose Tissue cTGF Expression is an Independent Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation and Highly Associated with Atrial Fibrosis
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Epicardial adipose tissue thickness as a predictor of impaired microvascular function in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease
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Linking Arrhythmias and Adipocytes: Insights, Mechanisms, and Future Directions
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Epicardial Fat Inflammation in Severe COVID‐19
Iacobellis, G., Secchi, F., Capitanio, G., Basilico, S., Schiaffino, S., Boveri, S., Sardanelli, F., Romanelli, M. M. C., & Malavazos, A. E. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23019 · Cited by 48
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Artificial intelligence, radiomics and other horizons in body composition assessment
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Authors: Iacobellis, G.
Affiliations: University of Miami (US)
Corresponding author: Iacobellis, Gianluca
ORCID: Iacobellis, Gianluca
Venue: Nature Reviews Cardiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2022-03-16
Volume: 19
Issue: 9
Pages: 593-606
ISSN: 1759-5002 (ISSN-L)
1759-5010
DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00679-9
PMC: PMC8926097
OpenAlex: W4220961850
Cited by: 797
References: 161
Citations by year: 2026: 195 · 2025: 236 · 2024: 214 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 32
FWCI: 31.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature Reviews Cardiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
Keywords: epicardial adipose tissue, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, brown fat thermogenesis, inflammatory cytokines, profibrotic cytokines, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, cardiovascular risk factors
MeSH terms: COVID-19, Adipose Tissue, Atrial Fibrillation, Cardiology, Humans, Pericardium

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