Mechanics and functional consequences of nuclear deformations
Open accessAbstract
As the home of cellular genetic information, the nucleus has a critical role in determining cell fate and function in response to various signals and stimuli. In addition to biochemical inputs, the nucleus is constantly exposed to intrinsic and extrinsic mechanical forces that trigger dynamic changes in nuclear structure and morphology. Emerging data suggest that the physical deformation of the nucleus modulates many cellular and nuclear functions. These functions have long been considered to be downstream of cytoplasmic signalling pathways and dictated by gene expression. In this Review, we discuss an emerging perspective on the mechanoregulation of the nucleus that considers the physical connections from chromatin to nuclear lamina and cytoskeletal filaments as a single mechanical unit. We describe key mechanisms of nuclear deformations in time and space and provide a critical review of the structural and functional adaptive responses of the nucleus to deformations. We then consider the contribution of nuclear deformations to the regulation of important cellular functions, including muscle contraction, cell migration and human disease pathogenesis. Collectively, these emerging insights shed new light on the dynamics of nuclear deformations and their roles in cellular mechanobiology.
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Mechanical stress induces nuclear deformation, directly increasing chromatin accessibility at mechanosensitive enhancers near genes such as ACTA2 and COL1A1.
“Concurrently, mechanical stress induces nuclear deformation, directly increasing chromatin accessibility at mechanosensitive enhancers near genes such as ACTA2 and COL1A1 (123-125).”
From The mechanotransduction-immune axis in organ fibrosis: dual regulatory mechanisms and translational therapeutic perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [123]
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Confined migration induces heterochromatin formation and alters chromatin accessibility
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Self-citationActomyosin drives cancer cell nuclear dysmorphia and threatens genome stability
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Lamin B1 mapping reveals the existence of dynamic and functional euchromatin lamin B1 domains
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Lamin B1 overexpression increases nuclear rigidity in autosomal dominant leukodystrophy fibroblasts
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Cell–extracellular matrix mechanotransduction in 3D
Saraswathibhatla, A., Indana, D., & Chaudhuri, O. (2023) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-023-00583-1 · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Fibroblast and myofibroblast activation in normal tissue repair and fibrosis
Younesi, F. S., Miller, A. E., Barker, T. H., Rossi, F. M. V., & Hinz, B. (2024) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-024-00716-0 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
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“Importantly, anisotropic forces can produce large differences in membrane tension and nuclear stresses 31,89,90 , which is important as disruption of plasma membrane tension can induce malignant transformation of epithelial cells 91,92 .”
DNA double-strand break–capturing nuclear envelope tubules drive DNA repair
Shokrollahi, M., Stanić, M., Hundal, A. K., Chan, J. N. Y., Urman, D., Jordan, C. A., Hakem, A., Espín, R., Hao, J., Krishnan, R., et al. (2024) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/s41594-024-01286-7 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A Hierarchical Mechanotransduction System: From Macro to Micro
Cao, R. Y., Tian, H., Tian, Y., & Fu, X. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202302327 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Na, J., Tai, C., Wang, Z., Yang, Z., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Zheng, L.-S., & Fan, Y. (2024) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122715 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Curved Nanofiber Network Induces Cellular Bridge Formation to Promote Stem Cell Mechanotransduction
Sun, Q., Pei, F., Zhang, M., Zhang, B., Jin, Y. H., Zhao, Z., & Wei, Q. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202204479 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cell tumbling enhances stem cell differentiation in hydrogels via nuclear mechanotransduction
Ayushman, M., Mikos, G., Tong, X., Sinha, S., López-Fuentes, E., Jones, S., Cai, P. C., Lee, H. P., Morrison, A. J., Spakowitz, A. J., et al. (2024) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-024-02038-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Growing evidence highlights that the nucleus and chromatin are highly mechanosensitive to external forces 9–11 .”
Analytical methods in studying cell force sensing: principles, current technologies and perspectives
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LAP1 supports nuclear adaptability during constrained melanoma cell migration and invasion
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“Nuclear mechanical properties are regulated through interactions between the cytoskeleton, integral nuclear envelope (NE) proteins, the nuclear lamina and chromatin 16–18 .”
How multiscale curvature couples forces to cellular functions
Luciano, M., Tomba, C., Roux, A., & Gabriele, S. (2024) · Nature Reviews Physics · doi:10.1038/s42254-024-00700-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Curvature-sensitive nuclear deformations can regulate the shut-tling of transcriptional factors and proteins, such as Yes-associated protein (YAP), which has a role in cancer and other diseases 162,163 .”
Self-citationMechanical regulation of the Notch signaling pathway
Rodriguez, F. S., Şanlıdağ, S., & Sahlgren, C. (2023) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102244 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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A nuclear jamming transition in vertebrate organogenesis
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Analysis of gelatin secondary structure in gelatin/keratin-based biomaterials
Pulidori, E., Micalizzi, S., Koutsomarkos, N., Bramanti, E., Tinè, M. R., Vozzi, G., Maria, C. D., Chatzinikolaidou, Μ., & Duce, C. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.134984 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Vimentin intermediate filaments as structural and mechanical coordinators of mesenchymal cells
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“3b. Mechanical deformations might be exacerbated in cells in confined spaces compared to on planar surfaces, as the nucleus will undergo larger distortions under these conditions 67 .”
Targeted photodynamic therapy: enhancing efficacy through specific organelle engagement
Tao, J., Yuan, Z., & Zhou, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1667812 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Scott, A. K., Rafuse, M., & Neu, C. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1084759 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Although the mechanisms of how the epigenetic landscape is influenced by mechanical cues are not completely understood, recent studies focus on 1) indirect biochemical cues arising from the activation of mechanosensitive proteins and 2) the direct transmission of force to chromatin influencing a change in accessibilit…”
BackgroundHervé, S., Scelfo, A., Marchisio, G. B., Grison, M., Vaidžiulytė, K., Dumont, M., Angrisani, A., Keikhosravi, A., Pegoraro, G., Deygas, M., et al. (2025) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-024-01565-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Furthermore, alterations in the chromatin–lamina interface, as well as in chromatin interactions with NE-resident proteins, can lead to NE stress and altered stability 24 .”
InfluentialPark, S., Lee, J., Ahn, K. S., Shim, H. W., Yoon, J., Hyun, J., Lee, J. H., Jang, S., Yoo, K. H., Jang, Y., et al. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202303395 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Regulation of dormancy during tumor dissemination: the role of the ECM
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The Material Properties of the Cell Nucleus: A Matter of Scale
Hertzog, M., & Erdel, F. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12151958 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Some of these activities involve complex signaling events, as reviewed elsewhere [91,92], while others might represent more direct effects that involve the mechanically induced reorganization of chromatin.”
BackgroundInfluentialCellular mechanical memory: a potential tool for mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy
Kureel, S. K., Maroto, R., Davis, K., & Sheetz, M. P. (2025) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-025-04249-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…studies on Mechanosensing and Mechanotrans-duction have shown that surface receptors [84], ion channels [85], actin-cytoskeletal [86], contractile machinery [87], LINC complex [88], nuclear size [89, 90], and chromatin organization [29] can display a variety of responses to mechanical stimuli.”
Mechanobiology across timescales
Cheng, B., Li, M., Lin, M., Guo, H., & Xu, F. (2025) · Nature Reviews Physics · doi:10.1038/s42254-025-00874-w · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chromosome compartmentalization: causes, changes, consequences, and conundrums
Li, H., Playter, C., Das, P., & McCord, R. P. (2024) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2024.01.009 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Actin contraction controls nuclear blebbing and rupture independent of actin confinement
Pho, M., Berrada, Y., Gunda, A., Lavallee, A., Chiu, K., Padam, A., Currey, M. L., & Stephens, A. D. (2023) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e23-07-0292 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The nucleus and its main mechanical components chromatin and lamins must properly resist cytoskeletal and/or external forces to maintain the shape and integrity of the nucleus as a compartment (Kalukula et al. , 2022).”
Self-citationGeometry-driven migration efficiency of autonomous epithelial cell clusters
Vercruysse, E., Brückner, D. B., Gómez‐González, M., Remson, A., Luciano, M., Kalukula, Y., Rossetti, L., Trepat, X., Hannezo, É., & Gabriele, S. (2024) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-024-02532-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In contrast with individual keratocytes where microtubules are densely packed in the cell body and wrapped around the nucleus to form a cage 29,32 , we found that microtubules in cell trains were mostly aligned with the axis of migration and started to extend cryptic lamellipodia (Extended Data Fig.”
Self-citationLiu, Z., Chen, J., Jo, M., Viola Vogel, B., Chen, J., Rogers, J. A., & Li, S. (2026) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-025-00391-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nuclear morphology is shaped by loop-extrusion programs
Patta, I., Zand, M., Lee, L., Mishra, S. V., Bortnick, A., Lu, H., Prusty, A., McArdle, S., Mikulski, Z., Wang, H., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07086-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“It is possible that changes in the activities of these proteins alter the structure and dynamics of the nuclear envelope to permit the assembly of polymorphonuclear structures 42 .”
Histone H1.0 couples cellular mechanical behaviors to chromatin structure
Hu, S., Chapski, D. J., Gehred, N., Kimball, T. H., Gromova, T., Flores, A., Rowat, A. C., Chen, J., Packard, R. R. S., Olszewski, E., et al. (2024) · Nature Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1038/s44161-024-00460-w · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Nuclear deformability has been implicated in diseases such as cancer and fibrosis (Kalukula et al., 2022) and the nucleus and chromatin compaction state are major contributors to whole cell deformability (Chalut et al.”
Transcription inhibition suppresses nuclear blebbing and rupture independently of nuclear rigidity
Berg, I. K., Currey, M. L., Gupta, S., Berrada, Y., Nguyen, B. V., Pho, M., Patteson, A. E., Schwarz, J. M., Banigan, E. J., & Stephens, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.261547 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationFu, X., Taghizadeh, A. A., Taghizadeh, M., Li, C., Lim, N. K., Lee, J., Kim, H. S., & Kim, H. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202308253 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Piezo1 regulates the mechanotransduction of soft matrix viscoelasticity
Gonzalez‐Oliva, M. A., Ciccone, G., Fläschner, G., Luo, J., Voigt, J. L., Romani, P., Genever, P. G., Dobre, O., Dupont, S., Vassalli, M., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-64185-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Increased cytoskeletal tension has been associated with nuclear compression and chromatin compaction 34,35 .”
Keys, J. T., Cheung, B. C. H., Elpers, M. A., Wu, M., & Lammerding, J. (2024) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.260623 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation(2025) · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1670213 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Concurrently, mechanical stress induces nuclear deformation, directly increasing chromatin accessibility at mechanosensitive enhancers near genes such as ACTA2 and COL1A1 (123 – 125).”
Mechanical Force Directs Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells
Hu, D., Dong, Z., Li, B., Lu, F., & Li, Y. (2022) · Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews · doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0052 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“107 Under the action of mechanical force, the nucleus deforms.”
Dynamic links between mechanical forces and metabolism shape the tumor milieu
Bertolio, R., Napoletano, F., & Sal, G. D. (2023) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102218 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The mechanobiology of biomolecular condensates
Sanfeliu-Cerdán, N., & Krieg, M. (2025) · Biophysics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0236610 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
NK cell activity in the tumor microenvironment
Kuznetsova, A. V., Glukhova, K. А., Петрович, Б. И., & Aa, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1609479 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The circadian neutrophil, inside-out
Ovadia, S., Özcan, A., & Hidalgo, A. (2023) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1093/jleuko/qiad038 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Scaling behaviour and control of nuclear wrinkling
Jackson, J. A., Romeo, N., Mietke, A., Burns, K. J., Totz, J. F., Martin, A. C., Dunkel, J., & Alsous, J. I. (2023) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-023-02216-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Furthermore, colchicine addition reduced the motion of cytoplasmic contents of the cells (Supplementary Videos 6 and 7), suggesting that microtubule-mediated active fluctuations contribute to NE wrinkling.”
BackgroundInfluentialRegulation of YAP Promotor Accessibility in Endothelial Mechanotransduction
Mannion, A. J., Zhao, H., Zhang, Y., von Wright, Y., Bergman, O., Roy, J., Saharinen, P., & Holmgren, L. (2024) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.123.320300 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Characterizing intracellular mechanics via optical tweezers-based microrheology
Vos, B. E., Muenker, T. M., & Betz, T. (2024) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102374 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wang, H., Liu, R., Yu, Y., Xue, H., Shen, R., Zhang, Y., & Ding, J. (2024) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.123013 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dynamic and static biomechanical traits of cardiac fibrosis
Liu, H., Fan, P., Jin, F., Huang, G., Guo, X., & Xu, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.1042030 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Components of the cardiac ECM can actively communicate with cells as well as the nucleus by binding to cell surface receptors (Kalukula et al., 2022; Miroshnikova and Wickström, 2022).”
BackgroundChromatin heterogeneity modulates nuclear condensate dynamics and phase behavior
Xia, J., Zhao, J. Z., Strom, A. R., & Brangwynne, C. P. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60771-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“We vary the Core-to-IDR ratios of Corelet components and induced phase separation in cells using blue light at different time points post-TSA treatment: 13, 17, 21, 25, and 29 h, which corresponds to various degrees of chromatin network homogenization as we previously measured.”
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“In contrast, B compartments are transcriptionally repressed gene-poor regions featured by high A/T sequence density, decoration of heterochromatin marks, such as H3K9me2, H3K9me3, and H4K20me3, and condensed chromatin (Kalukula et al., 2022; Meuleman et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLoss of function of the nuclear envelope protein LEMD2 causes DNA damage–dependent cardiomyopathy
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“The active positioning of the genome-carrying nucleus is particularly challenging (Gundersen & Worman, 2013), as it is typically the largest and stiffest organelle (Kalukula et al , 2022).”
Nuclear lamin facilitates collective border cell invasion into confined spaces in vivo
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“Deformable myonuclei in untrained individuals may be more susceptible to nuclear envelope rupture, impacting cell health (Earle et al., 2020; Kalukula et al., 2022).”
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“Nuclear deformation holds the potential to impact nuclear mechanotransduction both directly and indirectly [118].”
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“In addition, studies in vertebrates — and more recently in plants — have shown that changes in nuclear morphology resulting from mechanosensing can regulate gene expression (Kalukula et al .”
A Versatile Micromanipulation Apparatus for Biophysical Assays of the Cell Nucleus
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Self-citationNuclear shapes are geometrically determined by the excess surface area of the nuclear lamina
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“, 2017), and thereby alter gene expression (Kalukula et al., 2022).”
BackgroundMolecular Mechanisms for the Regulation of Nuclear Membrane Integrity
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“Table 1 summarizes the role of each constituent in the NE involved in the nuclear morphology maintenance by complex formation.”
BackgroundThe mechanobiology of NK cells- ‘Forcing NK to Sense’ target cells
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Nuclear envelope proteins, mechanotransduction, and their contribution to breast cancer progression
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“It also contributes to the regular spacing of nuclear pores and the organization of peripheral chromatin 17,43 .”
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“47 These functions are thought to be downstream of cytoplasmic signaling pathways and determined by gene expression.”
BackgroundHeterogeneous force response of chromatin in isolated nuclei
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The dynamic nuclear envelope: resilience in health and dysfunction in disease
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InfluentialPrinciples of organelle positioning in motile and non-motile cells
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“Due to the size and stiffness of the nucleus (Kalukula et al, 2022), cellular translocation through pores substantially smaller than the nucleus causes migration slowdown as the nucleus squeezes to fi t through the ECM pore (Calero-Cuenca et al, 2018; McGregor et al, 2016; Thiam et al, 2016; Harada…”
BackgroundExocrine gland–resident memory CD8 + T cells use mechanosensing for tissue surveillance
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“Nuclear blebbing is important because it drives nuclear rupture [10,50].”
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“As the lamins and heterochromatin each absorb forces on the nucleus 65 , we tested whether forces induced by cellular spreading impair QKO viability by seeding cells on lower-attachment and higher-attachment substrates (Supplementary Fig.”
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Mechanoresponse of Curved Epithelial Monolayers Lining Bowl‐Shaped 3D Microwells
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Self-citationECM and epithelial stem cells: the scaffold of destiny
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“Loss of nuclear stiffness, shape, and integrity occurs in many human afflictions including aging, muscular dystrophy, heart disease, and many cancers (Stephens et al. , 2019a; Kalukula et al. , 2022).”
Self-citationPolarity-JaM: an image analysis toolbox for cell polarity, junction and morphology quantification
Giese, W., Albrecht, J. P., Oppenheim, O., Akmeriç, E. B., Kraxner, J., Schmidt, D., Harrington, K., & Gerhardt, H. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56643-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Mechanobiology of the cell nucleus
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“Thus, the appearance of irregularly shaped chondrocyte lacunae is connected to abnormal nuclear shape and could reflect abnormal stresses in the cytoskeleton caused by the variants (Kalukula et al., 2022; Long and Lammerding, 2021).”
Biomimetic Alveoli System with Vivid Mechanical Response and Cell–Cell Interface
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- Authors
- Kalukula, Y., Stephens, A. D., Lammerding, J., & Gabriele, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Mons (BE)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lammerding, Jan
- Gabriele, Sylvain
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
- Published
- 2022-05-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 583-602
- ISSN
- 1471-0072 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0080
- PMC
- PMC9902167
- OpenAlex
- W4229069131
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 291
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 154 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 9.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ORBi UMONS (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (2022048, U54CA210184)
- Volkswagen Foundation (96733)
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (T.0092.21)
- Vlaamse regering
- National Institutes of Health
- Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture
- European Regional Development Fund (1510614)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL082792)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (UM1HG011536)
- National Cancer Institute (U54CA210184)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM137605, R00GM123195)
- Interreg
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Keywords
- nuclear deformation, mechanobiology, nuclear mechanics, nuclear lamina, chromatin, cytoskeletal filaments, genome organization, cell migration, muscle contraction, signal transduction
- MeSH terms
- Cell Differentiation, Cell Nucleus, Chromatin, Cytoskeleton, Humans, Signal Transduction
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