Force triggers YAP nuclear entry by regulating transport across nuclear pores
Open accessAbstract
YAP is a mechanosensitive transcriptional activator with a critical role in cancer, regeneration, and organ size control. Here, we show that force applied to the nucleus directly drives YAP nuclear translocation by decreasing the mechanical restriction of nuclear pores to molecular transport. Exposure to a stiff environment leads cells to establish a mechanical connection between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton, allowing forces exerted through focal adhesions to reach the nucleus. Force transmission then leads to nuclear flattening, which stretches nuclear pores, reduces their mechanical resistance to molecular transport, and increases YAP nuclear import. The restriction to transport is further regulated by the mechanical stability of the transported protein, which determines both active nuclear transport of YAP and passive transport of small proteins. Our results unveil a mechanosensing mechanism mediated directly by nuclear pores, demonstrated for YAP but with potential general applicability in transcriptional regulation.
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Nuclear deformation can affect pore dynamics, chromatin organization, and intranuclear trafficking of mechanosensitive regulators.
“Experimental studies indicate that nuclear deformation can affect pore dynamics, chromatin organization, and the intranuclear trafficking of mechanosensitive regulators [204,205,206].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [204]
The section on force and YAP nuclear translocation reports that nuclear flattening may alter pore permeability, and the Discussion links flattening to faster nuclear import. Our copy does not show that deformation changes chromatin organization or trafficking within the nucleus; it addresses transport into the nucleus. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUnder low mechanical stress, YAP and TAZ are typically retained in the cytoplasm in a phosphorylated state.
“Under low mechanical stress, these cofactors are typically retained in the cytoplasm in a phosphorylated state [203,204].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [204]
The Results report that YAP was mainly cytoplasmic on soft substrates and that phosphorylation can promote YAP cytoplasmic retention. But the authors found no effect of substrate rigidity on YAP phosphorylation, so the paper does not establish that low-stress cytoplasmic retention reflects a phosphorylated state. The cited passages also do not establish that phosphorylation claim for TAZ. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence from cellular and animal models suggests the YAP/TAZ pathway may contribute to nucleolar expansion and translational adaptation during muscle growth.
“Evidence from cellular and animal models suggests that this pathway may contribute to nucleolar expansion and translational adaptation during muscle growth [204,207].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [204]
The Summary and Discussion describe force-induced YAP nuclear entry, while the Introduction mentions organ-size control. Our copy does not address nucleolar expansion, translational adaptation, or muscle growth; searches for those concepts found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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YAP/TAZ upstream signals and downstream responses
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The Hippo Signaling Pathway in Development and Disease
Zheng, Y., & Pan, D. (2019) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2019.06.003 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
Mechanics and functional consequences of nuclear deformations
Kalukula, Y., Stephens, A. D., Lammerding, J., & Gabriele, S. (2022) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-022-00480-z · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Control of cellular responses to mechanical cues through YAP/TAZ regulation
Dasgupta, I., & McCollum, D. (2019) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.rev119.007963 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Stimuli and sensors that initiate skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise
Wackerhage, H., Schoenfeld, B. J., Hamilton, D. L., Lehti, M., & Hulmi, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00685.2018 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Mechanisms and impact of altered tumour mechanics
Mohammadi, H., & Sahai, E. (2018) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-018-0131-2 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
YAP-mediated mechanotransduction tunes the macrophage inflammatory response
Meli, V. S., Atcha, H., Veerasubramanian, P. K., Nagalla, R. R., Luu, T. U., Chen, E. Y., Guerrero-Juarez, C. F., Yamaga, K., Pandori, W., Hsieh, J. Y., et al. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb8471 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“3A), consistent with many other cell types (30, 31).”
Geng, J., Shi, Y., Zhang, J., Yang, B., Wang, P., Yuan, W., Zhao, H., Li, J., Qin, F., Hong, L., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23683-y · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Talin as a mechanosensitive signaling hub
Goult, B. T., Yan, J., & Schwartz, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201808061 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Biophysical regulation of macrophages in health and disease
Meli, V. S., Veerasubramanian, P. K., Atcha, H., Reitz, Z., Downing, T. L., & Liu, W. F. (2019) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.mr0318-126r · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Cell shape sensing licenses dendritic cells for homeostatic migration to lymph nodes
Alraies, Z., Rivera, C. A., Delgado, M.-G., Sanséau, D., Maurin, M., Amadio, R., Maria Piperno, G., Dunsmore, G., Yatim, A., Lacerda Mariano, L., et al. (2024) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-024-01856-3 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Matrix biomechanics and dynamics in pulmonary fibrosis
Haak, A. J., Tan, Q., & Tschumperlin, D. J. (2018) · Matrix Biology · doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.004 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Greuter, T., Yaqoob, U., Gan, C., Jalan-Sakrikar, N., Kostallari, E., Lu, J., Gao, J., Sun, L., Liu, M., Sehrawat, T. S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2022.03.029 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Endothelial YAP/TAZ Signaling in Angiogenesis and Tumor Vasculature
Hooglugt, A., van der Stoel, M. M., Boon, R. A., & Huveneers, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.612802 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ezzo, M., Spindler, K., Wang, J. B., Lee, D., Pecoraro, G., Cowen, J., Pakshir, P., & Hinz, B. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adp4726 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Hao, F., Xu, Q., Wang, J., Yu, S., Chang, H.-H., Sinnett-Smith, J., Eibl, G., & Rozengurt, E. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216603 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Modelling and targeting mechanical forces in organ fibrosis
Mascharak, S., L. Guo, J., Griffin, M., E. Berry, C., C. Wan, D., & T. Longaker, M. (2024) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-023-00144-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Heterogeneity and Actin Cytoskeleton in Osteoclast and Macrophage Multinucleation
Takito, J., & Nakamura, M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21186629 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Carnicer-Lombarte (2019) · doi:10.1101/829648 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Atf3 links loss of epithelial polarity to defects in cell differentiation and cytoarchitecture
Donohoe, C. D., Csordás, G., Correia, A., Jindra, M., Klein, C., Habermann, B., & Uhlirova, M. (2018) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007241 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kirby, T. J. (2019) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01031.2018 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nuclear Mechanotransduction in Skeletal Muscle
Jabre, S., Hleihel, W., & Coirault, C. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10020318 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
LINCing Nuclear Mechanobiology With Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function
van Ingen, M. J. A., & Kirby, T. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.690577 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Inter-set stretch: A potential time-efficient strategy for enhancing skeletal muscle adaptations
Schoenfeld, B. J., Wackerhage, H., & De Souza, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.1035190 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nuclear envelope proteins, mechanotransduction, and their contribution to breast cancer progression
Henretta, S., & Lammerding, J. (2025) · npj Biological Physics and Mechanics · doi:10.1038/s44341-025-00018-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Trusting the forces of our cell lines
Moro-López, M., Farré, R., Otero, J., & Sunyer, R. (2024) · Cells & Development · doi:10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203931 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Muñoz López, M., López-Gil, J. F., Ramírez de la piscina Viúdez, X., Baz-Valle, E., & Tornero Aguilera, J. F. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15111041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“YAP/TAZ nuclear entry and TEAD-dependent transcription Couples mechanical deformation to growth-related transcriptional programs upstream of c-Myc and ribosome biogenesis [204,205].”
Influential
- Authors
- Elosegui-Artola, A., Andreu, I., Beedle, A. E. M., Lezamiz, A., Uroz, M., Kosmalska, A. J., Oria, R., Kechagia, J. Z., Rico-Lastres, P., Le Roux, A.-L., Shanahan, C. M., Trepat, X., Navajas, D., Garcia-Manyes, S., & Roca-Cusachs, P.
- Affiliations
- Mondragon Unibertsitatea (ES)
- King's College London (GB)
- Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (ES)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (ES)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-11
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1397-1410.e14
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2765939774
- Cited by
- 1,491
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 195 · 2025: 213 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 172 · 2021: 180 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 41.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (TEC 2013-48552-C2-2-R, PI14/00280, BFU2015-65074-P, BFU2016-79916-P, BFU2014-52586-REDT, IJCI-2014-19156, BES-2013-062633)
- European Commission (SEP-210342844)
- Generalitat de Catalunya (2014-SGR-927, 2016FI_B200165)
- European Research Council (CoG-616480)
- Obra Social “La Caixa,” Fundació la Marató de TV (20133330)
- Basque Government (PI 2015-044)
- EPSRC (K00641X/1)
- Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2015-225)
- Leverhulme Trust Research Leadership Award (RL-2016-015)
- Juan de la Cierva Fellowship
- FI
- FPI
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Hippo pathway signaling and YAP/TAZ
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Keywords
- YAP, nuclear translocation, nuclear pores, mechanosensing, nuclear mechanics, focal adhesions, nuclear import, protein trafficking, transcriptional regulation, mechanotransduction
- MeSH terms
- YAP-Signaling Proteins, Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cell Nucleus, Humans, Phosphoproteins, Transcription Factors, Transcription, Genetic, Cell Cycle Proteins, Active Transport, Cell Nucleus, Nuclear Pore, Cell Line, Tumor, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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