Hypertension-induced cognitive impairment: From pathophysiology to public health
Open accessAbstract
Hypertension affects two-thirds of people aged >60 years and significantly increases the risk of both vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Hypertension compromises the structural and functional integrity of the cerebral microcirculation, promoting microvascular rarefaction, cerebromicrovascular endothelial dysfunction and neurovascular uncoupling, which impair cerebral blood supply. In addition, hypertension disrupts the blood-brain barrier, promoting neuroinflammation and exacerbation of amyloid pathologies. Ageing is characterized by multifaceted homeostatic dysfunction and impaired cellular stress resilience, which exacerbate the deleterious cerebromicrovascular effects of hypertension. Neuroradiological markers of hypertension-induced cerebral small vessel disease include white matter hyperintensities, lacunar infarcts and microhaemorrhages, all of which are associated with cognitive decline. Use of pharmaceutical and lifestyle interventions that reduce blood pressure, in combination with treatments that promote microvascular health, have the potential to prevent or delay the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in patients with hypertension.
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Oxidative microvascular damage and BBB disruption caused by hypertension could worsen the progression of AD.
“This oxidative microvascular damage and BBB disruption caused by hypertension could worsen the progression of AD [86].”
From Primary Cilia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Alzheimer's Disease (2025) · cites this paper as [86]
Hypertension in older adults leads to maladaptation of the cerebral circulation, causing disruption in the blood-brain barrier and oxidative stress.
“Hypertension in older adults leads to maladaptation of the cerebral circulation, causing a disruption in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and oxidative stress [86].”
From Primary Cilia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Alzheimer's Disease (2025) · cites this paper as [86]
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Self-citationHistone methyltransferase Smyd3 is a new regulator for vascular senescence
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Pathologic evidence of microvascular rarefaction in the brain of renal hypertensive rats
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Frequent Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Disorders Along the Heart-Brain Axis
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Memory and blood pressure in the aged
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [117]Ungvari Z Tarantini S Kirkpatrick AC Csiszar A Prodan CI Cerebral microhemorrhages: mechanisms, consequences and prevention Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2017 312 H1128 H1143 10.1152/ajpheart.00780.2016 28314762 PMC5495931 · DOI
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Primary Cilia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Alzheimer's Disease
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“Hypertension is defined by a systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg [86].”
Influential
- Authors
- Ungvari, Z., Toth, P., Tarantini, S., Prodan, C. I., Sorond, F., Merkely, B., & Csiszar, A.
- Affiliations
- Semmelweis University (HU)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Nephrology
- Published
- 2021-06-14
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 639-654
- ISSN
- 1745-8323 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-5061
- 1759-507X
- PMC
- PMC8202227
- OpenAlex
- W3166921190
- Cited by
- 544
- References
- 193
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 146 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 15
- FWCI
- 10.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Nephrology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 CX000340, CX000340)
- American Heart Association
- Presbyterian Health Foundation
- Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology
- National Institute on Aging (RF1AG072295, R01AG068295, R01AG055395)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1NS085002)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Cerebrovascular and genetic disorders
- Keywords
- hypertension, cognitive impairment, vascular cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral microcirculation, neurovascular uncoupling, blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, amyloid pathology, aging, white matter hyperintensities, lacunar infarction, cerebral small vessel disease, blood pressure reduction, lifestyle intervention
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Hypertension, Public Health, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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