White matter microglia heterogeneity in the CNS

A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer’s Disease

Keren-Shaul, H., Spinrad, A., Weiner, A., Matcovitch-Natan, O., Dvir-Szternfeld, R., Ulland, T. K., David, E., Baruch, K., Lara-Astaiso, D., Toth, B., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · Cited by 5,493 · see citing works

Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages

Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194637 · Cited by 5,175 · see citing works

Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease

Wynn, T. A., Chawla, A., & Pollard, J. W. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12034 · Cited by 4,684 · cited 1× · see citing works

Visualization and analysis of gene expression in tissue sections by spatial transcriptomics

Ståhl, P. L., Salmén, F., Vickovic, S., Lundmark, A., Navarro, J. F., Magnusson, J., Giacomello, S., Asp, M., Westholm, J. O., Huss, M., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf2403 · Cited by 3,834 · see citing works

Fate Mapping Reveals Origins and Dynamics of Monocytes and Tissue Macrophages under Homeostasis

Yona, S., Kim, K.-W., Wolf, Y., Mildner, A., Varol, D., Breker, M., Strauss-Ayali, D., Viukov, S., Guilliams, M., Misharin, A., et al. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.12.001 · Cited by 3,245 · see citing works

Analysis of Fractalkine Receptor CX₃CR1 Function by Targeted Deletion and Green Fluorescent Protein Reporter Gene Insertion

Jung, S., Aliberti, J., Graemmel, P., Sunshine, M. J., Kreutzberg, G. W., Sher, A., & Littman, D. R. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.11.4106-4114.2000 · Cited by 2,632 · see citing works

Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Parkhurst, C. N., Yang, G., Ninan, I., Savas, J. N., Yates, J. R., Lafaille, J. J., Hempstead, B. L., Littman, D. R., & Gan, W.-B. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.030 · Cited by 2,599 · see citing works

A Lineage of Myeloid Cells Independent of Myb and Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Schulz, C., Perdiguero, E. G., Chorro, L., Szabo-Rogers, H., Cagnard, N., Kierdorf, K., Prinz, M., Wu, B., Jacobsen, S. E. W., Pollard, J. W., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1219179 · Cited by 2,578 · see citing works

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of Alzheimer’s disease

Mathys, H., Davila-Velderrain, J., Peng, Z., Gao, F., Mohammadi, S., Young, J. Z., Menon, M., He, L., Abdurrob, F., Jiang, X., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1195-2 · Cited by 2,568 · see citing works

Identification of a unique TGF-β–dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia

Butovsky, O., Jedrychowski, M. P., Moore, C. S., Cialic, R., Lanser, A. J., Gabriely, G., Koeglsperger, T., Dake, B., Wu, P. M., Doykan, C. E., et al. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3599 · Cited by 2,543 · see citing works

Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new loci and functional pathways influencing Alzheimer’s disease risk

Jansen, I. E., Savage, J. E., Watanabe, K., Bryois, J., Williams, D. M., Steinberg, S., Sealock, J., Karlsson, I. K., Hägg, S., Athanasiu, L., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0311-9 · Cited by 2,277 · see citing works

Complex cell-state changes revealed by single cell RNA sequencing of 76,149 microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain

Hammond, T. R., Dufort, C., Dissing-Olesen, L., Giera, S., Young, A., Wysoker, A., Walker, A. J., Segel, M., Nemesh, J., Saunders, A., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1101/406140 · Cited by 2,225 · see citing works

Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain

Lawson, L. J., Perry, V. H., Dri, P., & Gordon, S. (1990) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90229-w · Cited by 2,045 · see citing works

Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Signaling Is Necessary for Microglia Viability, Unmasking a Microglia Progenitor Cell in the Adult Brain

Elmore, M. R. P., Najafi, A. R., Koike, M. A., Dagher, N. N., Spangenberg, E. E., Rice, R. A., Kitazawa, M., Matusow, B., Nguyen, H., West, B. L., et al. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.040 · Cited by 1,968 · see citing works

Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis

Kutzelnigg, A., Lucchinetti, C. F., Stadelmann, C., Brück, W., Rauschka, H., Bergmann, M., Schmidbauer, M., Parisi, J. E., & Lassmann, H. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh641 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works

New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS

Bennett, M. L., Bennett, F. C., Liddelow, S. A., Ajami, B., Zamanian, J. L., Fernhoff, N. B., Mulinyawe, S. B., Bohlen, C. J., Adil, A., Tucker, A., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1525528113 · Cited by 1,804 · see citing works

M2 microglia and macrophages drive oligodendrocyte differentiation during CNS remyelination

Miron, V. E., Boyd, A., Zhao, J.-W., Yuen, T. J., Ruckh, J. M., Shadrach, J. L., van Wijngaarden, P., Wagers, A. J., Williams, A., Franklin, R. J. M., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3469 · Cited by 1,788 · see citing works

A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist?

Ransohoff, R. M. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4338 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works

Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways

Kierdorf, K., Erny, D., Goldmann, T., Sander, V., Schulz, C., Perdiguero, E. G., Wieghofer, P., Heinrich, A., Riemke, P., Hölscher, C., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3318 · Cited by 1,457 · see citing works

Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions

Peterson, J. W., Bö, L., Mörk, S., Chang, A., & Trapp, B. D. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1123 · Cited by 1,403 · cited 1× · see citing works

Lipid-associated macrophages control metabolic homeostasis in a Trem2-dependent manner

Jaitin, D. A., Adlung, L., Thaiss, C. A., Weiner, A., Li, B., Descamps, H., Lundgren, P., Bleriot, C., Liu, Z., Deczkowska, A., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.054 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution

Masuda, T., Sankowski, R., Staszewski, O., Böttcher, C., Amann, L., Sagar, Scheiwe, C., Nessler, S., Kunz, P., van Loo, G., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0924-x · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works

An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity

Gosselin, D., Skola, D., Coufal, N. G., Holtman, I. R., Schlachetzki, J. C. M., Sajti, E., Jaeger, B. N., O’Connor, C., Fitzpatrick, C., Pasillas, M. P., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal3222 · Cited by 1,220 · cited 1× · see citing works

Targeted disruption of the mouse colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor gene results in osteopetrosis, mononuclear phagocyte deficiency, increased primitive progenitor cell frequencies, and reproductive defects

Dai, X.-M., Ryan, G. R., Hapel, A. J., Dominguez, M. G., Russell, R. G., Kapp, S., Sylvestre, V., & Stanley, E. R. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v99.1.111 · Cited by 1,184 · see citing works

Microglia development follows a stepwise program to regulate brain homeostasis

Matcovitch-Natan, O., Winter, D. R., Giladi, A., Vargas Aguilar, S., Spinrad, A., Sarrazin, S., Ben-Yehuda, H., David, E., Zelada González, F., Perrin, P., et al. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad8670 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works

Motor skill learning requires active central myelination

McKenzie, I. A., Ohayon, D., Li, H., Paes de Faria, J., Emery, B., Tohyama, K., & Richardson, W. D. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1254960 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works

Role for Neuronally Derived Fractalkine in Mediating Interactions between Neurons and CX3CR1-Expressing Microglia

Harrison, J. K., Jiang, Y., Chen, S., Xia, Y., Maciejewski, D., McNamara, R. K., Streit, W. J., Salafranca, M. N., Adhikari, S., Thompson, D. A., et al. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10896 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works

A single-cell atlas of mouse brain macrophages reveals unique transcriptional identities shaped by ontogeny and tissue environment

Van Hove, H., Martens, L., Scheyltjens, I., De Vlaminck, K., Pombo Antunes, A. R., De Prijck, S., Vandamme, N., De Schepper, S., Van Isterdael, G., Scott, C. L., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0393-4 · Cited by 1,160 · cited 2× · see citing works

Microglial brain region-dependent diversity and selective regional sensitivities to aging

Grabert, K., Michoel, T., Karavolos, M. H., Clohisey, S., Baillie, J. K., Stevens, M. P., Freeman, T. C., Summers, K. M., & McColl, B. W. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4222 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works

Developmental Heterogeneity of Microglia and Brain Myeloid Cells Revealed by Deep Single-Cell RNA Sequencing

Li, Q., Cheng, Z., Zhou, L., Darmanis, S., Neff, N. F., Okamoto, J., Gulati, G., Bennett, M. L., Sun, L. O., Clarke, L. E., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.006 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works

The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting

von Bartheld, C. S., Bahney, J., & Herculano‐Houzel, S. (2016) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24040 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works

High-Dimensional Single-Cell Mapping of Central Nervous System Immune Cells Reveals Distinct Myeloid Subsets in Health, Aging, and Disease

Mrdjen, D., Pavlovic, A., Hartmann, F. J., Schreiner, B., Utz, S. G., Leung, B. P., Lelios, I., Heppner, F. L., Kipnis, J., Merkler, D., et al. (2018) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.011 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works

Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes

Jurga, A. M., Paleczna, M., & Kuter, K. Z. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00198 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works

Negative feedback control of neuronal activity by microglia

Badimon, A., Strasburger, H. J., Ayata, P., Chen, X., Nair, A., Ikegami, A., Hwang, P., Chan, A. T., Graves, S. M., Uweru, J. O., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2777-8 · Cited by 979 · see citing works

Spatial Transcriptomics and In Situ Sequencing to Study Alzheimer’s Disease

Chen, W.-T., Lu, A., Craessaerts, K., Pavie, B., Sala Frigerio, C., Corthout, N., Qian, X., Laláková, J., Kühnemund, M., Voytyuk, I., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.038 · Cited by 949 · cited 1× · see citing works

The Major Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Age, Sex, and Genes Modulate the Microglia Response to Aβ Plaques

Sala Frigerio, C., Wolfs, L., Fattorelli, N., Thrupp, N., Voytyuk, I., Schmidt, I., Mancuso, R., Chen, W.-T., Woodbury, M. E., Srivastava, G., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.099 · Cited by 926 · see citing works

Heterogeneity of Microglial Activation in the Innate Immune Response in the Brain

Colton, C. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-009-9164-4 · Cited by 871 · see citing works

Differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system

Yamasaki, R., Lu, H., Butovsky, O., Ohno, N., Rietsch, A. M., Cialic, R., Wu, P. M., Doykan, C. E., Lin, J., Cotleur, A. C., et al. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20132477 · Cited by 855 · see citing works

Single-cell profiling identifies myeloid cell subsets with distinct fates during neuroinflammation

Jordão, M. J. C., Sankowski, R., Brendecke, S. M., Sagar, Locatelli, G., Tai, Y.-H., Tay, T. L., Schramm, E., Armbruster, S., Hagemeyer, N., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat7554 · Cited by 843 · see citing works

Microglia Heterogeneity in the Single-Cell Era

Masuda, T., Sankowski, R., Staszewski, O., & Prinz, M. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.010 · Cited by 784 · see citing works

A lymphocyte–microglia–astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis

Absinta, M., Maric, D., Gharagozloo, M., Garton, T., Smith, M. D., Jin, J., Fitzgerald, K. C., Song, A., Liu, P., Lin, J.-P., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03892-7 · Cited by 768 · see citing works

Coupled Proliferation and Apoptosis Maintain the Rapid Turnover of Microglia in the Adult Brain

Askew, K., Li, K., Olmos-Alonso, A., Garcia-Moreno, F., Liang, Y., Richardson, P., Tipton, T., Chapman, M. A., Riecken, K., Beccari, S., et al. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.041 · Cited by 726 · see citing works

A new type of microglia gene targeting shows TAK1 to be pivotal in CNS autoimmune inflammation

Goldmann, T., Wieghofer, P., Müller, P. F., Wolf, Y., Varol, D., Yona, S., Brendecke, S. M., Kierdorf, K., Staszewski, O., Datta, M., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3531 · Cited by 688 · see citing works

Loss of ‘homeostatic’ microglia and patterns of their activation in active multiple sclerosis

Zrzavy, T., Hametner, S., Wimmer, I., Butovsky, O., Weiner, H. L., & Lassmann, H. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx113 · Cited by 684 · see citing works

Mutations in Two Genes Encoding Different Subunits of a Receptor Signaling Complex Result in an Identical Disease Phenotype

Paloneva, J., Manninen, T., Christman, G., Hovanes, K., Mandelin, J., Adolfsson, R., Bianchin, M., Bird, T., Miranda, R., Salmaggi, A., et al. (2002) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/342259 · Cited by 683 · see citing works

Absence of Colony Stimulation Factor-1 Receptor Results in Loss of Microglia, Disrupted Brain Development and Olfactory Deficits

Erblich, B., Zhu, L., Etgen, A. M., Dobrenis, K., & Pollard, J. W. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026317 · Cited by 649 · see citing works

Regenerating CNS myelin — from mechanisms to experimental medicines

Franklin, R. J. M., & ffrench-Constant, C. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.136 · Cited by 647 · see citing works

Neuronal vulnerability and multilineage diversity in multiple sclerosis

Schirmer, L., Velmeshev, D., Holmqvist, S., Kaufmann, M., Werneburg, S., Jung, D., Vistnes, S., Stockley, J. H., Young, A., Steindel, M., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1404-z · Cited by 638 · see citing works

Microglia are an essential component of the neuroprotective scar that forms after spinal cord injury

Bellver‐Landete, V., Bretheau, F., Mailhot, B., Vallières, N., Lessard, M., Janelle, M.-E., Vernoux, N., Tremblay, M., Führmann, T., Shoichet, M. S., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08446-0 · Cited by 627 · see citing works

A new fate mapping system reveals context-dependent random or clonal expansion of microglia

Tay, T. L., Mai, D., Dautzenberg, J., Fernández-Klett, F., Lin, G., Sagar, Datta, M., Drougard, A., Stempfl, T., Ardura-Fabregat, A., et al. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4547 · Cited by 597 · see citing works

Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica: Recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS)

Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS), Trebst, C., Jarius, S., Berthele, A., Paul, F., Schippling, S., Wildemann, B., Borisow, N., Kleiter, I., Aktas, O., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-013-7169-7 · Cited by 595 · see citing works

Orally administered colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX3397 in recurrent glioblastoma: an Ivy Foundation Early Phase Clinical Trials Consortium phase II study

Butowski, N. A., Colman, H., de Groot, J., Omuro, A. M. P., Nayak, L., Wen, P. Y., Cloughesy, T. F., Marimuthu, A., Haidar, S., Perry, A., et al. (2015) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/nov245 · Cited by 593 · see citing works

Neuroinflammatory astrocyte subtypes in the mouse brain

Hasel, P., Rose, I. V. L., Sadick, J. S., Kim, R. D., & Liddelow, S. A. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-021-00905-6 · Cited by 586 · see citing works

Animal models of neurodegenerative diseases

Dawson, T. M., Golde, T. E., & Lagier-Tourenne, C. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0236-8 · Cited by 576 · see citing works

Microglia protect against brain injury and their selective elimination dysregulates neuronal network activity after stroke

Szalay, G., Martinecz, B., Lénárt, N., Környei, Z., Orsolits, B., Judák, L., Császár, E., Fekete, R., West, B. L., Katona, G., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11499 · Cited by 573 · see citing works

Power analysis of single-cell RNA-sequencing experiments

Svensson, V., Natarajan, K. N., Ly, L.-H., Miragaia, R. J., Labalette, C., Macaulay, I. C., Cvejic, A., & Teichmann, S. A. (2017) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.4220 · Cited by 568 · see citing works

Microglia contribute to normal myelinogenesis and to oligodendrocyte progenitor maintenance during adulthood

Hagemeyer, N., Hanft, K.-M., Akriditou, M.-A., Unger, N., Park, E. S., Stanley, E. R., Staszewski, O., Dimou, L., & Prinz, M. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1747-1 · Cited by 558 · see citing works

A novel microglial subset plays a key role in myelinogenesis in developing brain

Wlodarczyk, A., Holtman, I. R., Krueger, M., Yogev, N., Bruttger, J., Khorooshi, R., Benmamar‐Badel, A., de Boer‐Bergsma, J. J., Martin, N. A., Karram, K., et al. (2017) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.201696056 · Cited by 535 · see citing works

Repopulating Microglia Promote Brain Repair in an IL-6-Dependent Manner

Willis, E. F., MacDonald, K. P. A., Nguyen, Q. H., Garrido, A. L., Gillespie, E. R., Harley, S. B. R., Bartlett, P. F., Schroder, W. A., Yates, A. G., Anthony, D. C., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.013 · Cited by 520 · see citing works

Rapid production of new oligodendrocytes is required in the earliest stages of motor-skill learning

Xiao, L., Ohayon, D., McKenzie, I. A., Sinclair-Wilson, A., Wright, J. L., Fudge, A. D., Emery, B., Li, H., & Richardson, W. D. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4351 · Cited by 507 · cited 1× · see citing works

A transcriptomic atlas of aged human microglia

Olah, M., Patrick, E., Villani, A.-C., Xu, J., White, C. C., Ryan, K. J., Piehowski, P., Kapasi, A., Nejad, P., Cimpean, M., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02926-5 · Cited by 482 · see citing works

Macrophages in inflammatory multiple sclerosis lesions have an intermediate activation status

Vogel, D. Y., Vereyken, E. J., Glim, J. E., Heijnen, P. D., Moeton, M., van der Valk, P., Amor, S., Teunissen, C. E., van Horssen, J., & Dijkstra, C. D. (2013) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-10-35 · Cited by 479 · see citing works

White matter aging drives microglial diversity

Safaiyan, S., Besson-Girard, S., Kaya, T., Cantuti-Castelvetri, L., Liu, L., Ji, H., Schifferer, M., Gouna, G., Usifo, F., Kannaiyan, N., et al. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.027 · Cited by 477 · see citing works

Mapping microglia states in the human brain through the integration of high-dimensional techniques

Sankowski, R., Böttcher, C., Masuda, T., Geirsdottir, L., Sagar, Sindram, E., Seredenina, T., Muhs, A., Scheiwe, C., Shah, M. J., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0532-y · Cited by 449 · see citing works

Distinct amyloid-β and tau-associated microglia profiles in Alzheimer’s disease

Gerrits, E., Brouwer, N., Kooistra, S. M., Woodbury, M. E., Vermeiren, Y., Lambourne, M., Mulder, J., Kummer, M., Möller, T., Biber, K., et al. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02263-w · Cited by 441 · see citing works

Targeted Complement Inhibition at Synapses Prevents Microglial Synaptic Engulfment and Synapse Loss in Demyelinating Disease

Werneburg, S., Jung, J., Kunjamma, R. B., Ha, S.-K., Luciano, N. J., Willis, C. M., Gao, G., Biscola, N. P., Havton, L. A., Crocker, S. J., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.004 · Cited by 440 · see citing works

Human microglia regional heterogeneity and phenotypes determined by multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry

NBB-Psy, Böttcher, C., Schlickeiser, S., Sneeboer, M. A. M., Kunkel, D., Knop, A., Paza, E., Fidzinski, P., Kraus, L., Snijders, G. J. L., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0290-2 · Cited by 436 · see citing works

Spatiotemporal dynamics of molecular pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Maniatis, S., Äijö, T., Vickovic, S., Braine, C., Kang, K., Mollbrink, A., Fagegaltier, D., Andrusivová, Ž., Saarenpää, S., Saiz-Castro, G., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav9776 · Cited by 429 · see citing works

Disruption of oligodendrogenesis impairs memory consolidation in adult mice

Steadman, P. E., Xia, F., Ahmed, M., Mocle, A. J., Penning, A. R. A., Geraghty, A. C., Steenland, H. W., Monje, M., Josselyn, S. A., & Frankland, P. W. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.013 · Cited by 426 · see citing works

A Dramatic Increase of C1q Protein in the CNS during Normal Aging

Stephan, A. H., Madison, D. V., Mateos, J. M., Fraser, D. A., Lovelett, E. A., Coutellier, L., Kim, L., Tsai, H.-H., Huang, E. J., Rowitch, D. H., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1333-13.2013 · Cited by 423 · see citing works

Peripherally derived macrophages can engraft the brain independent of irradiation and maintain an identity distinct from microglia

Cronk, J. C., Filiano, A. J., Louveau, A., Marin, I., Marsh, R., Ji, E., Goldman, D. H., Smirnov, I., Geraci, N., Acton, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20180247 · Cited by 412 · see citing works

Leukodystrophies: a proposed classification system based on pathological changes and pathogenetic mechanisms

van der Knaap, M. S., & Bugiani, M. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1739-1 · Cited by 403 · see citing works

Reassessing B cell contributions in multiple sclerosis

Li, R., Patterson, K. R., & Bar‐Or, A. (2018) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-018-0135-x · Cited by 397 · see citing works

The pro-remyelination properties of microglia in the central nervous system

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Magnetic Resonance Microscopy and Immunohistochemistry of the CNS of the Mutant SOD Murine Model of ALS Reveals Widespread Neural Deficits

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Nuclear Lipid Microdomains Regulate Daunorubicin Resistance in Hepatoma Cells

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Viscoelastic properties of white and gray matter-derived microglia differentiate upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide but not upon treatment with myelin

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Microglial Depletion Causes Region‐Specific Changes to Developmental Neuronal Cell Death in the Mouse Brain

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Brain macrophages acquire distinct transcriptomes prior to demyelination in multiple sclerosisPreprint

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Transcriptional and epigenetic decoding of the microglial aging process

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A multi-pronged human microglia response to Alzheimer’s disease Aβ pathology

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The Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Systems in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Neuroinflammation Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Take It Seriously or Not

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Microglia dynamics in aging-related neurobehavioral and neuroinflammatory diseases

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Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Gliomas—Basic Insights and Treatment Opportunities

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Neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by PM2.5 Exposure and its possible role in Neurodegenerative and mental disorders

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Ferroptosis of Microglia in Aging Human White Matter Injury

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Transcriptomic analysis of the ocular posterior segment completes a cell atlas of the human eye

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Nanomaterials as Microglia Modulators in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders

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Therapeutic potential of plant-derived natural compounds in Alzheimer’s disease: Targeting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation

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Targeting microglia-oligodendrocyte crosstalk in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.

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Baicalin facilitates remyelination and suppresses neuroinflammation in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by activating Wnt/β-catenin and inhibiting NF-κB signaling

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Restorative therapy using microglial depletion and repopulation for central nervous system injuries and diseases

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Differential perivascular microglial activation in the deep white matter in vascular dementia developed post‐stroke

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Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model

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Key roles of glial cells in the encephalopathy of prematurity

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Brain Mapping the Effects of Chronic Aerobic Exercise in the Rat Brain Using FDG PET

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The pathology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Tissue specific changes as a clue to pathophysiology

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Immunopathology of the optic nerve in multiple sclerosis

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Morphine suppresses peripheral responses and transforms brain myeloid gene expression to favor neuropathogenesis in SIV infection

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The neurovascular unit in leukodystrophies: towards solving the puzzle

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Effect of Hyperbaric oxygen on myelin injury and repair after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in adult rat

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Microglia subtypes in acute, subacute, and chronic multiple sclerosis

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GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in microglia exacerbates demyelination and neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis: insights from humans and cuprizone-induced demyelination model mice

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Sodium aescinate inhibits microglia activation through NF-κB pathway and exerts neuroprotective effect

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Rosmarinic acid against cognitive impairment via RACK1/HIF-1α regulated microglial polarization in sepsis-surviving mice

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Evaluation of focused ultrasound modulation of the blood-brain barrier in gray and white matter

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Effect of General Anesthetic Agents on Microglia

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Microglia contribute to polyG-dependent neurodegeneration in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease

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Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease; Can Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Come to the Rescue?

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Experimental Models to Study Immune Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease

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Microglia and Macrophages in Central Nervous System Homeostasis and Disease Progression: Guardians and Executioners

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Ablation of microglia following infection of the central nervous system with a neurotropic murine coronavirus infection leads to increased demyelination and impaired remyelination

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Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

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Nicotinamide enhances myelin production after demyelination through reduction of astrogliosis and microgliosis

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Hyperforin ameliorates neuroinflammation and white matter lesions by regulating microglial VEGFR2 / SRC pathway in vascular cognitive impairment mice

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Comparing the Characteristics of Microglia Preparations Generated Using Different Human iPSC-Based Differentiation Methods to Model Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Knockout of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) modulates the glial phenotype and alleviates perihematomal neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice via MAPK/NF-κB signaling

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Multiple synergistic anti-aging effects of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 functionalized nanoplatform to improve age-related neurodegenerative diseases

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White matter alterations in episodic migraine without aura patients assessed with diffusion MRI: effect of free water correction

Guadilla, I., Fouto, A. R., Ruiz‐Tagle, A., Esteves, I., Caetano, G., Silva, N. A., Vilela, P. F., Gil‐Gouveia, R., Aja‐Fernández, S., Figueiredo, P., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-025-01970-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Microglia influence immune responses and restrict neurologic disease in response to central nervous system infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus

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Electroacupuncture Protects Against Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment by Promoting an IL-33/ST2 Axis-Mediated Microglia M2 Polarization

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Characterization of microglia/macrophage phenotypes in the spinal cord following intervertebral disc herniation

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Cystatin F attenuates neuroinflammation and demyelination following murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system

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The Emerging Role of Microglial Hv1 as a Target for Immunomodulation in Myelin Repair

Tang, Y., Wu, X., Li, J., Li, Y., Xu, X., Li, G., Zhang, P., Qin, C., Wu, L., Tang, Z., et al. (2023) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2023.1107 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

White Matter and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study

Li, Y., Zheng, J., Li, T. X., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-022-00353-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Colony Stimulating Factor‐1 ( CSF ‐1) and Interleukin‐34 ( IL ‐34) Differentially Alter White Matter and Gray Matter Microglia and Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells

Rumberger, A. S., Vassel, L. A., Hess, C. C., Barnett, A. S., Johnson, B. J., Hassan, S., Godbout, J. P., & Niraula, A. (2025) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70186 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Sodium aescinate alleviates neuropathic pain through suppressing OGT-mediated O-GlcNAc modification of TLR3 to inactivate MAPK signaling pathway

Chen, R., Hu, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Cao, L., He, F., Wang, Q., Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Tang, S., et al. (2024) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111077 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

From shape to contents: heterogeneity of CNS glial cells

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Neuronal deletion of Gtf2i results in developmental microglial alterations in a mouse model related to Williams syndrome

Bar, E., Fischer, I., Rokach, M., Elad‐Sfadia, G., Shirenova, S. D., Ophir, O., Trangle, S. S., Okun, E., & Barak, B. (2024) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24519 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Microglial AT1R Conditional Knockout Ameliorates Hypoperfusive Cognitive Impairment by Reducing Microglial Inflammatory Responses

Li, D., Zhang, Q., Yang, X., Zhang, G., Wang, J., Zhang, R., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.02.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Inhibition of SLC11A1‐Mediated Lysosomal Iron Accumulation in Microglia Promotes Repair Following White Matter Stroke

Qiu, L., Zhang, Y., Tang, Y., Hu, H., Zhang, Y., Xue, J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Liu, C., Jia, J., et al. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202511482 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Brain metastases: Not all tumors are created equal

Kirschenbaum, D. S., & Amit, I. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.027 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Microglial Nogo delays recovery following traumatic brain injury in mice

Glotfelty, E. J., Hsueh, S., Claybourne, Q. C., Bedolla, A., Kopp, K. O., Wallace, T., Zheng, B., Luo, Y., Karlsson, T. E., McDevitt, R. A., et al. (2023) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24436 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Neonatal Rat Glia Cultured in Physiological Normoxia for Modeling Neuropathological Conditions In Vitro

Gargaś, J., Janowska, J., Ziąbska, K., Ziemka‐Nałęcz, M., & Sypecka, J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23116000 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Advanced Diffusion Tensor Imaging in White Matter Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Yang, L., Peng, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, F., Wu, J., Zhang, X., Pang, J., & Jiang, Y. Q. (2024) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2024.05.107 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Linderone Isolated from Lindera erythrocarpa Exerts Antioxidant and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects via NF-κB and Nrf2 Pathways in BV2 and HT22 Cells

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Integrating large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing in central nervous system disease using self-supervised contrastive learning

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Mesenchymal stromal cells suppress microglial activation and tumor necrosis factor production

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Hyperglycemia selectively increases cerebral non-oxidative glucose consumption without affecting blood flow

Blazey, T., Lee, J. J., Snyder, A. Z., Goyal, M. S., Hershey, T. G., Arbeláez, A. M., & Raichle, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x251329714 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Characterization of Glial Populations in the Aging and Remyelinating Mouse Corpus Callosum

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TRAUMATIC MICROHEMORHAGES ARE NOT SYNONYMOUS WITH AXONAL INJURYPreprint

Mittenzwei, R., Maioli, H., Sytsma, K., Kirkland, A., Keene, C. D., Diaz-Arrastia, R. R., Donald, C. M., Maffei, C., Edlow, B. L., & Nolan, A. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.10.21.24315697 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

FoxO1, together with Notch1, promotes microglial activation to induce pathological changes in the retinal vasculature under hypoxia

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Multimodal microglial and kynurenine pathway alterations across the affective-psychosis spectrum: a systematic review of patterns, heterogeneity, and dimensional implications

Nussbaumer, M., Guest, P. C., Schiltz, K., Dudeck, L., Asl, L. S., Meyer-Lotz, G., Dobrowolny, H., Leucht, S., Bernstein, H., Nickl‐Jockschat, T., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03614-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Absence of Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) Prolongs the Presence of a CD11c+ Microglial Population during Postnatal Corpus Callosum Development

Mayo, F., González-Vinceiro, L., Hiraldo-González, L., Calle-Castillejo, C., Torres-Rubio, I., Mayo, M., Ramírez‐Lorca, R., & Echevarrı́a, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25158332 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Traumatic Microhemorrhages Are Not Synonymous With Axonal Injury

Sytsma, K., Mittenzwei, R., Maioli, H., Kirkland, A., Keene, C. D., Diaz-Arrastia, R. R., Donald, C. M., Maffei, C., Edlow, B. L., & Nolan, A. (2026) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.70309 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

From Xenobiotic Exposure to Neuroinflammation: Mechanisms Linking Lipopolysaccharide Signaling to Depressive-like Behavior

Martins, A. M. D. O., Soares, M. F. D. S., de Oliveira, L. N., Barbosa, N. M. M. V., Matos, A. L. L. D. S., Gonçalves, M. C. F., Golzio, A. M. F. D. O., Felipe, C. F. B., Scotti, M. T., da Silva, P. R., et al. (2026) · Journal of Xenobiotics · doi:10.3390/jox16040129 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

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Haynes, R. L., Kinney, H. C., & Volpe, J. J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-10513-5.00007-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Microglia in the spinal cord stem cell niche regulate neural precursor cell proliferation via soluble CD40 in response to myelin basic protein

Lakshman, N., Stojic, F., & Morshead, C. M. (2024) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1093/stmcls/sxae076 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Cocaine Acts Through Sigma-1 to Enhance HIV Infection of MicrogliaPreprint

Oteju, O., Xu, X., Kist, T., Emanuel, K. M., Sheldon, L., Daniali, M., Niu, M., Fox, H. S., & Gaskill, P. J. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.06.668840 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Editorial: Journey to the Center of the Brain: Cell Physiology and Intercellular Communication in White Matter

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Soluble TREM2 induces microglia dysfunction and brain damage while cleavage-reduced TREM2 shows sustained microglia activation with enhanced remyelination in the cuprizone modelPreprint

Beckmann, N., Neuhaus, A., Zurbruegg, S., Joller, S., Feuerbach, D., Doelemeyer, A., Schweizer, T., Rudin, S., Neumann, U., Berth, R., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1431273/v1

Merkezi Sinir Sisteminde MSS Mikroglia Mast Hücrelerinin Rolü ve Nörodejeneratif Hastalıklar Açısından Önemi

KUŞAT, T., & Emrah, S. U. R. (2023) · doi:10.59287/sbyc.582

Sex Dimorphism Influences Cortical Microglial Morphological and Phenotypic Marker Profile after Closed Head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats

Roy, P. M. D., Cuba, J., Milligan, K., Shi, W., Wang, D., & LaPlaca, M. C. (2025) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1177/2689288x251377030 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Additional file 4 of The pathology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: tissue specific changes as a clue to pathophysiology

Yska, H. A. F., Engelen, M., & Bugiani, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26699159

Additional file 3 of The pathology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: tissue specific changes as a clue to pathophysiology

Yska, H. A. F., Engelen, M., & Bugiani, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26699156

Additional file 1 of Genetic models of cleavage-reduced and soluble TREM2 reveal distinct effects on myelination and microglia function in the cuprizone model

Beckmann, N., Neuhaus, A., Zurbruegg, S., Volkmer, P., Patiño, C., Joller, S., Feuerbach, D., Doelemeyer, A., Schweizer, T., Rudin, S., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22598837

Additional file 1 of Cystatin F attenuates neuroinflammation and demyelination following murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system

Syage, A. R., Pachow, C., Murray, K. M., Henningfield, C. M., Fernandez, K., Du, A. X., Cheng, Y., Olivarria, G. M., Kawauchi, S., MacGregor, G. R., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26734428

Additional file 2 of The pathology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: tissue specific changes as a clue to pathophysiology

Yska, H. A. F., Engelen, M., & Bugiani, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25506745

Additional file 1 of The pathology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: tissue specific changes as a clue to pathophysiology

Yska, H. A. F., Engelen, M., & Bugiani, M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25506610

Integration of Peripheral and Central Immune Alteration in Neurodegeneration

Wali, Z., Pinky, Neha, & Parvez, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-5088-3_4

Beyond the Wiring: White Matter as a Dynamic Regulator of Brain Function and Disease

He, C., Wu, D., Du, A., & Zhang, L. (2026) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-026-01605-6

High neuron-microglia interaction at the node of Ranvier predicts recovery in an inflammatory model of Multiple SclerosisPreprint

Pantazou, V., Dorcet, G., Roux, T., Aigrot, M., Perrot, C., Mathias, A., Canales, M., Lejeune, F., Stankoff, B., Pasquier, R. D., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.14.718431

Cholinergic regulation of neuroinflammation: linking microglia, immunometabolism, and neuromodulation

Guo, H., Yang, Z., & Cheng, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1837643 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells ameliorate vascular dementia by modulating microglial myelin debris handling and white matter injury

Wen, X., He, K., Huang, C., Shi, C., Wei, W., Zhang, Y. S., Yang, Z., & Li, K. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03929-6

Change of the cytokine profile of microglia caused by herpes simplex virus 1

Bulgakova, I. D., Zverev, V. V., Baydakov, K., Prilepin, A., & Svitich, O. (2026) · Медицинский вестник МВД · doi:10.52341/20738080_2026_142_3_92

Resveratrol enhances myelin protein expression following a demyelinating insult by promoting an anti-inflammatory environment

Kaplanis, S. I., Spyridakos, D., Zyganitidis, I., Lygeraki, A., Kaffe, D., Georgilis, A., Ieremiadis, V., Petsangouraki, S., Theodorakis, Κ., Savvaki, M., et al. (2026) · Glial health research. · doi:10.1016/j.ghres.2026.100016

Glial heme oxygenase-1 regulates neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular function after mild traumatic brain injury

Jakob, L., Liang, M., Lieberum, J. N., Schaufler, A., Fritsch, A., Kaiser, S., & Schallner, N. (2026) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2026.106225

CYTIP promotes pro-inflammatory activation of microglia through interaction with LRRFIP2 following ischemic stroke

Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhang, R., Liu, C., Bao, W., Qin, J., Zhou, P., Li, G., Duan, C., et al. (2026) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2026.112929

Heterogeneity of microglia and their differential roles in white matter pathology

Lee, J. C. L., Hamanaka, G., Lo, E. H., & Arai, K. (2019) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13266 · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Multifaceted Involvement of Microglia in Gray Matter Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis

Tsouki, F., & Williams, A. (2021) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.3374 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Macroglial diversity: white and grey areas and relevance to remyelination

Werkman, I. L., Lentferink, D. H., & Baron, W. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-020-03586-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution

Masuda, T., Sankowski, R., Staszewski, O., Böttcher, C., Amann, L., Sagar, Scheiwe, C., Nessler, S., Kunz, P., van Loo, G., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0924-x · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works

Microglia Diversity in Health and Multiple Sclerosis

Zia, S., Rawji, K. S., Michaels, N. J., Burr, M. K., Kerr, B. J., Healy, L. M., & Plemel, J. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.588021 · Cited by 69 · see citing works