Viral tools for neuroscience
Open accessAbstract
Recombinant viruses are the workhorse of modern neuroscience. Whether one would like to understand a neuron's morphology, natural activity patterns, molecular composition, connectivity or behavioural and physiologic function, most studies begin with the injection of an engineered virus, often an adeno-associated virus or herpes simplex virus, among many other types. Recombinant viruses currently enable some combination of cell type-specific, circuit-selective, activity-dependent and spatiotemporally resolved transgene expression. Viruses are now used routinely to study the molecular and cellular functions of a gene within an identified cell type in the brain, and enable the application of optogenetics, chemogenetics, calcium imaging and related approaches. These advantageous properties of engineered viruses thus enable characterization of neuronal function at unprecedented resolution. However, each virus has specific advantages and disadvantages, which makes viral tool selection paramount for properly designing and executing experiments within the central nervous system. In the current Review, we discuss the key principles and uses of engineered viruses and highlight innovations that are needed moving forward.
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These advances have been enabled by opto- and chemogenetics, viral vector-mediated transgenics, and Cre-dependent expression systems.
“These advances have been enabled by techniques like opto- and chemogenetics [6,7], viral vector-mediated transgenics [8], and Cre-dependent expression systems [9]”
From Translational opportunities for circuit-based social neuroscience: advancing 21st century psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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- [3]Flint SJ, Racaniello VR, Rall GG, Skalka AM & Enquist LW Principles of Virology 4th edn Vol. 4 (ASM, 2015).
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- Authors
- Nectow, A. R., & Nestler, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nectow, Alexander R.
- Nestler, Eric J.
- Venue
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience
- Published
- 2020-10-27
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 669-681
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC7808553
- OpenAlex
- W3094802643
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH051399)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P01DA047233, R01DA014133)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- recombinant viral vectors, adeno-associated virus, herpes simplex virus, cell type-specific gene expression, activity-dependent gene expression, optogenetics, chemogenetics, calcium imaging, central nervous system, neuronal function
- MeSH terms
- Dependovirus, Animals, Genetic Engineering, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Neurosciences, Viruses, Simplexvirus
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