Electrophilic properties of itaconate and derivatives regulate the IκBζ–ATF3 inflammatory axis
Open accessAbstract
Metabolic regulation has been recognized as a powerful principle guiding immune responses. Inflammatory macrophages undergo extensive metabolic rewiring 1 marked by the production of substantial amounts of itaconate, which has recently been described as an immunoregulatory metabolite 2 . Itaconate and its membrane-permeable derivative dimethyl itaconate (DI) selectively inhibit a subset of cytokines 2 , including IL-6 and IL-12 but not TNF. The major effects of itaconate on cellular metabolism during macrophage activation have been attributed to the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase 2,3, yet this inhibition alone is not sufficient to account for the pronounced immunoregulatory effects observed in the case of DI. Furthermore, the regulatory pathway responsible for such selective effects of itaconate and DI on the inflammatory program has not been defined. Here we show that itaconate and DI induce electrophilic stress, react with glutathione and subsequently induce both Nrf2 (also known as NFE2L2)-dependent and -independent responses. We find that electrophilic stress can selectively regulate secondary, but not primary, transcriptional responses to toll-like receptor stimulation via inhibition of IκBζ protein induction. The regulation of IκBζ is independent of Nrf2, and we identify ATF3 as its key mediator. The inhibitory effect is conserved across species and cell types, and the in vivo administration of DI can ameliorate IL-17-IκBζ-driven skin pathology in a mouse model of psoriasis, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this regulatory pathway. Our results demonstrate that targeting the DI-IκBζ regulatory axis could be an important new strategy for the treatment of IL-17-IκBζ-mediated autoimmune diseases.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
IRG1 suppresses production of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-β in LPS-tolerised BMDMs.
“IRG1 suppresses the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-β in LPS-tolerised BMDMs67.”
From Coupling Krebs cycle metabolites to signalling in immunity and cancer (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
Increased IFN-β and IRF3 signaling is observed in LPS-tolerized Irg1-silenced macrophages.
“Yingke and colleagues (2013) also observed increased IFN-β and IRF3 signaling in LPS-tolerized Irg1-silenced macrophages”
From Coupling Krebs cycle metabolites to signalling in immunity and cancer (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
Supplementation of ROS in Irg1-deficient BMDMs increases A20 expression and abolishes the break of endotoxin tolerance.
“Supplementation of ROS in Irg1-deficient BMDMs increased A20 expression and abolished the break of endotoxin tolerance67.”
From Coupling Krebs cycle metabolites to signalling in immunity and cancer (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
The effect of IRG1 on cytokine production is attributed to ROS-mediated induction of A20.
“Yingke and colleagues (2013) attributed the effect of IRG1 on cytokine production to ROS-mediated induction of A20”
From Coupling Krebs cycle metabolites to signalling in immunity and cancer (2018) · cites this paper as [67]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis
Schindelin, J., Arganda-Carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M., Pietzsch, T., Preibisch, S., Rueden, C., Saalfeld, S., Schmid, B., et al. (2012) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019 · Cited by 66,890 · see citing works
limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies
Ritchie, M. E., Phipson, B., Wu, D., Hu, Y., Law, C. W., Shi, W., & Smyth, G. K. (2015) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv007 · Cited by 40,458 · see citing works
Cox, J., & Mann, M. (2008) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1511 · Cited by 14,855 · see citing works
ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data
Rueden, C., Schindelin, J., Hiner, M., DeZonia, B. E., Walter, A., Arena, E. T., & Eliceiri, K. W. (2017) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1934-z · Cited by 5,895 · see citing works
Rappsilber, J., Mann, M., & Ishihama, Y. (2007) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2007.261 · Cited by 4,641 · see citing works
Fast gene set enrichment analysisPreprint
Korotkevich, G., Sukhov, V., Budin, N., Shpak, B., Artyomov, M. N., & Sergushichev, A. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/060012 · Cited by 3,742 · see citing works
Self-citationModulation of oxidative stress as an anticancer strategy
Gorrini, C., Harris, I. S., & Mak, T. W. (2013) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4002 · Cited by 3,579 · see citing works
An Integrated Stress Response Regulates Amino Acid Metabolism and Resistance to Oxidative Stress
Harding, H. P., Zhang, Y., Zeng, H., Novoa, I., Lu, P. D., Calfon, M. A., Sadri, N., Yun, C., Popko, B., Paules, R. S., et al. (2003) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00105-9 · Cited by 3,336 · see citing works
Komatsu, M., Kurokawa, H., Waguri, S., Taguchi, K., Kobayashi, A., Ichimura, Y., Sou, Y., Ueno, I., Sakamoto, A., Tong, K. I., et al. (2010) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb2021 · Cited by 2,422 · see citing works
Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation in Mice Is Mediated via the IL-23/IL-17 Axis
van der Fits, L., Mourits, S., Voerman, J. S. A., Kant, M., Boon, L., Laman, J. D., Cornelissen, F., Mus, A.-M. C., Florencia, E. F., Prens, E. P., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0802999 · Cited by 2,202 · see citing works
Jha, A. K., Huang, S. C.-C., Sergushichev, A., Lampropoulou, V., Ivanova, Y., Loginicheva, E., Chmielewski, K., Stewart, K. M., Ashall, J., Everts, B., et al. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.005 · Cited by 2,066 · see citing works
Self-citationNrf2 suppresses macrophage inflammatory response by blocking proinflammatory cytokine transcription
Kobayashi, E. H., Suzuki, T., Funayama, R., Nagashima, T., Hayashi, M., Sekine, H., Tanaka, N., Moriguchi, T., Motohashi, H., Nakayama, K., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11624 · Cited by 1,878 · see citing works
Lentivirus-delivered stable gene silencing by RNAi in primary cells.
Stewart, S. A., Dykxhoorn, D. M., Palliser, D., Mizuno, H., Yu, E. Y., An, D., Sabatini, D., Chen, I. S. Y., Hahn, W., Sharp, P., et al. (2003) · RNA: A publication of the RNA Society · doi:10.1261/rna.2192803 · Cited by 1,619 · see citing works
Lampropoulou, V., Sergushichev, A., Bambousková, M., Nair, S., Vincent, E. E., Loginicheva, E., Cervantes‐Barragán, L., Ma, X., Huang, S. C., Griss, T., et al. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.004 · Cited by 1,547 · see citing works
Self-citationHeme oxygenase-1: unleashing the protective properties of heme
Otterbein, L. E., Soares, M. P., Yamashita, K., & Bach, F. H. (2003) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00181-9 · Cited by 1,166 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscriptional control of the inflammatory response
Medzhitov, R., & Horng, T. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2634 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Systems biology approaches identify ATF3 as a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 4
Gilchrist, M., Thorsson, V., Li, B., Rust, A., Korb, M., Kennedy, K. A., Hai, T., Bolouri, H., & Aderem, A. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04768 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Self-citationCordes, T., Wallace, M., Michelucci, A., Divakaruni, A. S., Sapcariu, S. C., Sousa, C., Koseki, H., Cabrales, P., Murphy, A. N., Hiller, K., et al. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.685792 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Lu, W., Clasquin, M. F., Melamud, E., Amador‐Noguez, D., Caudy, A. A., & Rabinowitz, J. D. (2010) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac902837x · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Regulation of Toll/IL-1-receptor-mediated gene expression by the inducible nuclear protein IκBζ
Yamamoto, M., Yamazaki, S., Uematsu, S., Sato, S., Hemmi, H., Hoshino, K., Kaisho, T., Kuwata, H., Takeuchi, O., Takeshige, K., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02738 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Self-citationRole for Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Stress-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis
Hartman, M. G., Lü, D., Kim, M.-L., Kociba, G. J., Shukri, T., Buteau, J., Wang, X., Frankel, W. L., D, D. C. G., Prentki, M., et al. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.13.5721-5732.2004 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Proto-oncometabolite Fumarate Binds Glutathione to Amplify ROS-Dependent Signaling
Sullivan, L. B., Martinez-Garcia, E., Nguyen, H., Mullen, A. R., Dufour, E., Sudarshan, S., Licht, J. D., Deberardinis, R. J., & Chandel, N. S. (2013) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.05.003 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Fumarate induces redox-dependent senescence by modifying glutathione metabolism
Zheng, L., Cardaci, S., Jerby, L., MacKenzie, E. D., Sciacovelli, M., Johnson, T. I., Gaude, E., King, A., Leach, J. D. G., Edrada-Ebel, R., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7001 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Vincent, E. E., Sergushichev, A., Griss, T., Gingras, M., Samborska, B., Ntimbane, T., Coelho, P. P., Blagih, J., Raissi, T. C., Choinière, L., et al. (2015) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2015.08.013 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationKeshishian, H., Burgess, M. W., Gillette, M. A., Mertins, P., Clauser, K. R., Mani, D. R., Kuhn, E. W., Farrell, L. A., Gerszten, R. E., & Carr, S. A. (2015) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m114.046813 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Parada, E., Egea, J., Buendía, I., Negredo, P., Cunha, A. C., Cardoso, S., Soares, M. P., & López, M. G. (2013) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2012.4671 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhanced meta-analysis and replication studies identify five new psoriasis susceptibility loci
Tsoi, L. C., Spain, S. L., Ellinghaus, E., Stuart, P. E., Capon, F., Knight, J., Tejasvi, T., Kang, H. M., Allen, M. H., Lambert, S., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8001 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Model-based metabolic engineering enables high yield itaconic acid production by Escherichia coli
Harder, B., Bettenbrock, K., & Klamt, S. (2016) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2016.05.008 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Okuma, A., Hoshino, K., Ohba, T., Fukushi, S., Aiba, S., Akira, S., Ono, M., Kaisho, T., & Muta, T. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.016 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationPervasive, Coordinated Protein-Level Changes Driven by Transcript Isoform Switching during Meiosis
Cheng, Z., Otto, G. M., Powers, E. N., Keskin, A., Mertins, P., Carr, S. A., Jovanović, M., & Brar, G. A. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.035 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationIκBζ is a key driver in the development of psoriasis
Johansen, C., Mose, M., Ommen, P., Bertelsen, T., Vinter, H., Hailfinger, S., Lorscheid, S., Schulze-Osthoff, K., & Iversen, L. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1509971112 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
ATF3 Is a Key Regulator of Macrophage IFN Responses
Labzin, L. I., Schmidt, S. V., Masters, S. L., Beyer, M., Krebs, W., Klee, K., Stahl, R., Lütjohann, D., Schultze, J. L., Latz, E., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500204 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
McGuire, V. A., Diez, T. R.-Z., Emmerich, C. H., Strickson, S., Ritorto, M. S., Sutavani, R. V., Weiβ, A., Houslay, K. F., Knebel, A., Meakin, P. J., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep31159 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Strong, C. D. G., Conlan, S., Deming, C., Cheng, J., Sears, K. E., & Segre, J. A. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq019 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
IκBζ Is a Transcriptional Key Regulator of CCL2/MCP-1
Hildebrand, D. G., Alexander, E., Hörber, S., Lehle, S., Obermayer, K., Münck, N., Rothfuss, O. C., Frick, J.-S., Morimatsu, M., Schmitz, I., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1300089 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Muromoto, R., Hirao, T., Tawa, K., Hirashima, K., Kon, S., Kitai, Y., & Matsuda, T. (2016) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxw011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Okada, K., Yanagawa, T., Warabi, E., Yamastu, K., Uwayama, J., Takeda, K., Utsunomiya, H., Yoshida, H., Shoda, J., & Ishii, T. (2009) · Hepatology Research · doi:10.1111/j.1872-034x.2008.00478.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Dhamija, S., Doerrie, A., Winzen, R., Dittrich‐Breiholz, O., Taghipour, A., Kühne, N., Kracht, M., & Holtmann, H. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.146365 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolites control physiology and disease
Martínez-Reyes, I., & Chandel, N. S. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13668-3 · Cited by 2,813 · see citing works
Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease
Netea, M. G., Domínguez-Andrés, J., Barreiro, L. B., Chavakis, T., Divangahi, M., Fuchs, E., Joosten, L. A. B., van der Meer, J. W. M., Mhlanga, M. M., Mulder, W. J. M., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0285-6 · Cited by 2,690 · see citing works
The metabolic signature of macrophage responses
Viola, A., Munari, F., Sánchez-Rodríguez, R., Scolaro, T., & Castegna, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01462 · Cited by 2,021 · see citing works
NRF2, a Transcription Factor for Stress Response and Beyond
He, F., Ru, X., & Wen, T. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21134777 · Cited by 1,820 · see citing works
Identification of bioactive metabolites using activity metabolomics
Rinschen, M. M., Ivanisevic, J., Giera, M., & Siuzdak, G. (2019) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-019-0108-4 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Krebs cycle Reborn in macrophage immunometabolism
Ryan, D. G., & O'Neill, L. A. J. (2020) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-081619-104850 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Coupling Krebs cycle metabolites to signalling in immunity and cancer
Ryan, D. G., Murphy, M. P., Frezza, C., Prag, H. A., Chouchani, E. T., O’Neill, L. A., & Mills, E. L. (2018) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-018-0014-7 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Epigenetic regulation of the innate immune response to infection
Zhang, Q., & Cao, X. (2019) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0151-6 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response
Rodríguez-Gómez, J. A., Kavanagh, E., Engskog-Vlachos, P., Engskog, M. K. R., Herrera, A. J., Espinosa-Oliva, A. M., Joseph, B., Hajji, N., Venero, J. L., & Burguillos, M. A. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9071717 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Macrophage Polarization and Reprogramming in Acute Inflammation: A Redox Perspective
Pérez, S., & Rius-Pérez, S. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11071394 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Olagnier, D., Brandtoft, A. M., Gunderstofte, C., Villadsen, N. L., Krapp, C., Thielke, A. L., Laustsen, A., Peri, S., Hansen, A. L., Bonefeld, L., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05861-7 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Thirty years of NRF2: advances and therapeutic challenges.
Zhang, D. D. (2025) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-025-01145-0 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Dichotomous engagement of HDAC3 activity governs inflammatory responses
Nguyen, H. C. B., Adlanmerini, M., Hauck, A. K., & Lazar, M. A. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2576-2 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Pan, W., Zhao, J., Wu, J., Xu, D., Meng, X., Jiang, P., Shi, H., Ge, X., Yang, X., Hu, M., et al. (2023) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01471-8 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Dimethyl Fumarate Disrupts Human Innate Immune Signaling by Targeting the IRAK4–MyD88 Complex
Zaro, B. W., Vinogradova, E. V., Lazar, D. C., Blewett, M. M., Suciu, R. M., Takaya, J., Studer, S., de la Torre, J. C., Casanova, J.-L., Cravatt, B. F., et al. (2019) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1801627 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Distinct metabolic patterns during microglial remodeling by oleate and palmitate
Chausse, B., Kakimoto, P. A., Caldeira-da-Silva, C. C., Chaves-Filho, A. B., Yoshinaga, M. Y., da Silva, R. P., Miyamoto, S., & Kowaltowski, A. J. (2019) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20190072 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mantione, M. E., Meloni, M., Sana, I., Bordini, J., Del Nero, M., Riba, M., Ranghetti, P., Perotta, E., Ghia, P., Scarfò, L., et al. (2024) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-024-06602-z · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“3D, E); however, after 48 h of DMF treatment, low peroxidation levels were restored (Fig.”
BackgroundReprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism by innate immunity
Garaude, J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.010 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Zeng, L., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Yang, W., Zhou, P., Wan, Y., Tao, K., & Li, R. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02075-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bambouskova, M., Gorvel, L., Lampropoulou, V., Sergushichev, A., Loginicheva, E., Johnson, K., Korenfeld, D., Mathyer, M. E., Kim, H., Huang, L.-H., Duncan, D., Bregman, H., Keskin, A., Santeford, A., Apte, R. S., Sehgal, R., Johnson, B., Amarasinghe, G. K., Soares, M. P., Satoh, T., Akira, S., Hai, T., de Guzman Strong, C., Auclair, K., Roddy, T. P., Biller, S. A., Jovanovic, M., Klechevsky, E., Stewart, K. M., Randolph, G. J., & Artyomov, M. N.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- ITMO University (RU)
- Agios Pharmaceuticals (United States) (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- Columbia University (US)
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (PT)
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, The University of Osaka (JP)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Artyomov, Maxim N.
- ORCID
- Gorvel, Laurent
- Lampropoulou, Vicky
- Sergushichev, Alexey
- Korenfeld, Daniel
- Mathyer, Mary Elizabeth
- Kim, Hyeryun
- Duncan, Dustin
- Bregman, Howard
- Keskin, Abdurrahman
- Santeford, Andrea
- Apte, Rajendra S.
- Sehgal, Raghav
- Amarasinghe, Gaya K.
- Soares, Miguel P.
- Satoh, Takashi
- Akira, Shizuo
- Hai, Tsonwin
- Auclair, Karine
- Roddy, Thomas P.
- Klechevsky, Eynav
- Stewart, Kelly M.
- Randolph, Gwendalyn J.
- Artyomov, Maxim N.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 556
- Issue
- 7702
- Pages
- 501-504
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC6037913
- OpenAlex
- W2797967513
- Cited by
- 713
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 20
- FWCI
- 18.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI125618, T32AI007163)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR065523)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- itaconate, dimethyl itaconate, electrophilic stress, IκB, ATF3, Nrf2, glutathione, macrophage inflammation, Toll-like receptor signaling, IL-17, psoriasis, immunometabolism, autoimmune disease therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Glutathione, Humans, Inflammation, Macrophages, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Psoriasis, Stress, Physiological, Succinates, Keratinocytes, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, I-kappa B Proteins, Toll-Like Receptors, NF-E2-Related Factor 2, Mice, Activating Transcription Factor 3
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
