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SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development
Open accessAbstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in late 2019 in China and is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To mitigate the effects of the virus on public health, the economy and society, a vaccine is urgently needed. Here I review the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Development was initiated when the genetic sequence of the virus became available in early January 2020, and has moved at an unprecedented speed: a phase I trial started in March 2020 and there are currently more than 180 vaccines at various stages of development. Data from phase I and phase II trials are already available for several vaccine candidates, and many have moved into phase III trials. The data available so far suggest that effective and safe vaccines might become available within months, rather than years.
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“The potential advantages of inactivated vaccines are non-replicability in the host, non-transmissibility, and the induction of a broad range of humoral and cellular responses against different epitopes.”
In the citing paper
“Their production and scale-up are relatively easy in the context of good yield production systems and the availability of biosafety level 3 facilities.7”
In the citing paper
“8 weeks after the second vaccine injection volunteers showed high levels of IgM, and IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) and receptor binding domain (RBD) binding titers3,5,6.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In agreement with previous reports3,6,9, there was a broad range of plasma neutralizing activity 3–14 weeks after the second vaccine dose that was similar to that elicited by natural infection in a convalescent cohort after 1.3 months, and greater than the activity at 6.2 months after infection (Fig. 1a, Extended Data Table 1).”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“In line with previous reports3,6,9, IgG and IgM levels were significantly higher in the vaccinated group compared to a cohort of convalescent patients assayed 1.3 and 6.2 months after infection, while IgA levels were similar (Extended Data Fig 1j–l).”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“However, this and other small studies3,11 cannot accurately predict the half-life of the neutralizing response.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Humans make SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection (Grifoni et al., 2020; Krammer, 2020; Stephens and McElrath, 2020) (Figure 1).”
From Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Krammer, 2020
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- The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Discussion Draft of the Preliminary Framework for Equitable Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine (The National Academies Press, 2020).
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Metadata
- Authors
- Krammer, F.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krammer, Florian
- ORCID
- Krammer, Florian
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2020-09-23
- Volume
- 586
- Issue
- 7830
- Pages
- 516-527
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W3087924281
- Cited by
- 2,098
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 147 · 2024: 173 · 2023: 287 · 2022: 538 · 2021: 747 · 2020: 112
- FWCI
- 19.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (cc-by)
- Funders
- JPB Foundation (2020-215611, HHSN272201400008C, 75N93019C00051)
- Open Philanthropy Project (#2020-215611, 75N93019C00051, HHSN272201400008C)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (HHSN272201400008C), 75N93019C00051, 2020-215611, HHSN272201800048C)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine development, vaccine candidate, clinical trials, animal studies, vaccine safety, vaccine efficacy, COVID-19 pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Drug Development, COVID-19, COVID-19 Vaccines, Animals, Clinical Trials as Topic, Drug Industry, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Viral Vaccines, Coronavirus Infections, Immunity, Mucosal, Pandemics
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