BANKSY unifies cell typing and tissue domain segmentation for scalable spatial omics data analysis
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Abstract
Spatial omics data are clustered to define both cell types and tissue domains. We present Building Aggregates with a Neighborhood Kernel and Spatial Yardstick (BANKSY), an algorithm that unifies these two spatial clustering problems by embedding cells in a product space of their own and the local neighborhood transcriptome, representing cell state and microenvironment, respectively. BANKSY’s spatial feature augmentation strategy improved performance on both tasks when tested on diverse RNA (imaging, sequencing) and protein (imaging) datasets. BANKSY revealed unexpected niche-dependent cell states in the mouse brain and outperformed competing methods on domain segmentation and cell typing benchmarks. BANKSY can also be used for quality control of spatial transcriptomics data and for spatially aware batch effect correction. Importantly, it is substantially faster and more scalable than existing methods, enabling the processing of millions of cell datasets. In summary, BANKSY provides an accurate, biologically motivated, scalable and versatile framework for analyzing spatially resolved omics data.
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Using BANKSY-derived spatial domains and Harmony correction, the study identified 18 reproducible niches shared across 20 samples.
“Using BANKSY50-derived spatial domains and Harmony39 correction, we identified 18 reproducible niches shared across 20 samples (Figures S5A–S5C; STAR Methods).”
From Cellular senescence in human liver under normal aging and cancer (2026) · cites this paper as [50]
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Peng, X., Smithy, J. W., Yosofvand, M., Kostrzewa, C. E., Bleile, M., Ehrich, F. D., Lee, J., Postow, M. A., Callahan, M. K., Panageas, K. S., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61821-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial transcriptomics in bone research: navigating hype and hurdles
Sokolowskei, D., Shah, A., Trostle, A. J., Juan, C., Sammarco, M. C., & Tower, R. J. (2025) · Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2025.10.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mitochondrial clone tracing within spatially intact human tissuesPreprint
Bracht, S. A., Rong, J., Gier, R. A., DeMarshall, M., Golden, H., Dhakal, D., McDevitt, J. C., Mo, F., Furth, E. E., Strauss, A. L., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.11.664452 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Singhal, V., Chou, N., Lee, J., Yue, Y., Liu, J., Chock, W. K., Lin, L., Chang, Y.-C., Teo, E. M. L., Aow, J., Lee, H. K., Chen, K. H., & Prabhakar, S.
- Affiliations
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Kok Hao
- Prabhakar, Shyam
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2024-02-27
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 431-441
- ISSN
- 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1718
- PMC
- PMC10937399
- OpenAlex
- W4392198237
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 124 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 37.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- MOH | National Medical Research Council (OFIRG21jun-0090, OF-YIRG18nov-0014, OFIRG-000618-00)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (#H18/01/a0/020, 202D800010, H18/01/a0/020, I1801E0029)
- National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF-CRP25-2020-0001)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Cell Image Analysis Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene expression and cancer classification
- Keywords
- spatial omics, cell typing, spatial clustering, mouse brain, batch effect correction, scalable data analysis
- MeSH terms
- Data Analysis, Algorithms, Animals, RNA, Benchmarking, Gene Expression Profiling, Mice, Transcriptome
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