Microtubule lattice spacing governs cohesive envelope formation of tau family proteins

May combine two claims.

Tau envelopes form on GDP microtubule lattices but do not form on GMPCPP-stabilized microtubules.

“Previously, we observed that tau envelopes form on GDP microtubule lattices but do not form on microtubules stabilized with GMPCPP9.”

• cites [9] Tan, R. et al. Microtubules gate tau condensation to spatially regulate microtubule functions. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 1078–1085 (2019). sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Tau molecules inside envelopes do not diffuse but remain stationary.

“since tau molecules inside envelopes do not diffuse, but remain stationary9,28.”

• cites [9] Tan, R. et al. Microtubules gate tau condensation to spatially regulate microtubule functions. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 1078–1085 (2019). sourcePartly supported

  The passage describing single-molecule behavior says tau becomes statically bound at condensate boundaries, supporting the stationary characterization. But it also reports a nonzero diffusion coefficient within condensates (4×10−4 µm²/s), so the absolute claim that molecules inside them do not diffuse overstates the result. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [28] Siahaan, V. et al. Kinetically distinct phases of tau on microtubules regulate kinesin motors and severing enzymes. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 1086–1092 (2019). sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These results are consistent with prior data showing competition between tau and taxol for microtubules.

“These results are consistent with prior data showing competition between tau and taxol for microtubules31.”

• cites [31] Kar, S., Fan, J., Smith, M. J., Goedert, M. & Amos, L. A. Repeat motifs of tau bind to the insides of microtubules in the absence of taxol. EMBO J. 22, 70–77 (2003). sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The MAP2c level outside of envelopes was identical to that on GMPCPP-lattice microtubules, similar to tau.

“Quantification of MAP intensity on both types of lattices revealed that the MAP2c level outside of the envelopes was identical to that on GMPCPP-lattice microtubules, similar to tau9.”

• cites [9] Tan, R. et al. Microtubules gate tau condensation to spatially regulate microtubule functions. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 1078–1085 (2019). sourcePartly supported

  The passage discussing Fig. 1i–j (page unavailable) reports diffuse tau binding on both taxol-stabilized and GMP-CPP microtubules, with condensates forming only on the former. This supports the broad comparison to tau, but the cited paper does not state that tau intensity outside condensates was identical to its intensity on GMP-CPP microtubules. The MAP2c measurement is the citing authors’ own result, not a result attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

MAP2c envelopes dissolved when exposed to 1,6-hexanediol, but the diffusive fraction of MAP2c molecules remained unchanged.

“Similar to tau9, MAP2c envelopes dissolved when exposed to 1,6-HD, but the diffusive fraction of MAP2c molecules remained unchanged”

• cites [9] Tan, R. et al. Microtubules gate tau condensation to spatially regulate microtubule functions. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 1078–1085 (2019). sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

1,6-Hexanediol disrupts phase separated systems in a variety of biological contexts.

“Tau envelopes are sensitive to the aliphatic alcohol 1,6-hexanediol (1,6-HD), a compound that disrupts phase separated systems in a variety of biological contexts9”

• cites [9] Tan, R. et al. Microtubules gate tau condensation to spatially regulate microtubule functions. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 1078–1085 (2019). sourcePartly supported

  The paper’s Abstract (page not available in our copy) reports that 1,6-hexanediol rapidly dissolved microtubule-bound tau condensates and notes that it has been shown to dissolve tau droplets formed by liquid–liquid phase separation. This supports the effect on tau systems, but the paper does not establish that it disrupts phase-separated systems across a variety of biological contexts. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The modest effect of MAP4 on the DDH landing rate may be consistent with prior results suggesting MAP4 could inhibit dynein-based movements.

“The modest effect of MAP4 on the DDH landing rate may be consistent with prior results18,19, which suggested MAP4 could inhibit dynein-based movements.”

• cites [18] Semenova, I. et al. Regulation of microtubule-based transport by MAP4. Mol. Biol. Cell 25, 3119–3132 (2014). sourceSupported
• cites [19] Samora, C. P. et al. MAP4 and CLASP1 operate as a safety mechanism to maintain a stable spindle position in mitosis. Nat. Cell Biol. 13, 1040–1050 (2011). sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The landing rate of dynein-dynactin complexes is strongly determined by the p150glued subunit of the dynactin complex.

“The landing rate of dynein-dynactin complexes is strongly determined by the p150glued subunit of the dynactin complex36”

• cites [36] McKenney, R. J., Huynh, W., Vale, R. D. & Sirajuddin, M. Tyrosination of α-tubulin controls the initiation of processive dynein–dynactin motility. EMBO J. 35, 1175–1185 (2016). sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

MAP4 adopts a conformation completely distinct from that of tau on microtubules, which may at least partially explain why MAP4 is unable to form envelopes.

“MAP4 adopts a conformation completely distinct from that of tau41,44 on microtubules, which may at least partially explain why, unlike tau, MAP4 is unable to form envelopes.”

• cites [41] Kellogg, E. H. et al. Near-atomic model of microtubule–tau interactions. Science 360, 1242–1246 (2018). sourceSupported
• cites [44] Shigematsu, H. et al. Structural insight into microtubule stabilization and kinesin inhibition by Tau family MAPs. J. Cell Biol. 217, 4155–4163 (2018). sourcePartly supported

  The Results section (“Structural detail of MAP4–kinesin-1–microtubule binding”; page unavailable) suggests that 5R-MAP4 cannot adopt a Tau-like elongated structure in the presence of kinesin-1. It does not establish that MAP4’s conformation is completely distinct from Tau’s under all conditions, or address whether MAP4 can form envelopes. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In non-mammalian species, microtubule lattice compaction does not appear to be directly coupled to GTP hydrolysis.

“in non-mammalian species, microtubule lattice compaction does not appear to be directly coupled to GTP hydrolysis47,48.”

• cites [47] Howes, S. C. et al. Structural differences between yeast and mammalian microtubules revealed by cryo-EM. J. Cell Biol. 216, 2669–2677 (2017). sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusions report that dynamic yeast microtubules did not show the compaction seen in mammalian microtubules, but say this might reflect either less GTP hydrolysis or a different conformational response. The paper therefore does not establish that compaction is uncoupled from hydrolysis, and its yeast findings do not cover non-mammalian species generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [48] Chaaban, S. et al. The structure and dynamics of C. elegans tubulin reveals the mechanistic basis of microtubule growth. Dev. Cell 47, 191–204 (2018). sourceCould not verify

  The available copy yields only a corrupted table of contents, with no readable passage addressing whether microtubule lattice compaction is coupled to GTP hydrolysis. Searches for “lattice compaction GTP hydrolysis,” “compaction,” and an uncoupled-lattice paraphrase found no decisive text. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent evidence suggests that the microtubule lattice is not conformationally homogenous, but releases and incorporates new GTP-tubulin subunits in response to mechanical damage and repair.

“recent evidence suggests that the microtubule lattice is not conformationally homogenous, but rather releases and incorporates new GTP-tubulin subunits in response to mechanical damage and repair49.”

• cites [49] Triclin, S. et al. Self-repair protects microtubules from destruction by molecular motors. Nat. Mater. 20, 883–891 (2021). sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Mammalian tubulin within the GDP lattice primarily adopts a compacted state, whereas newly incorporated GTP tubulin adopts an expanded state.

“Mammalian tubulin within the GDP lattice primarily adopts compacted state, whereas the newly incorporated GTP tubulin adopts an expanded state1.”

• cites [1] Alushin, G. M. et al. High-resolution microtubule structures reveal the structural transitions in αβ-tubulin upon GTP hydrolysis. Cell 157, 1117–1129 (2014). sourcePartly supported

  The Results section (“High-resolution cryo-EM structures of dynamic and stabilized microtubules”; page unavailable) reports a shorter dimer repeat in the GDP lattice than in the expanded GMPCPP lattice, with compaction at the interface between dimers. But the study uses GMPCPP as a GTP-like analog; the Discussion (“Future Prospects”; page unavailable) cautions against treating its structure as the definitive GTP state. It therefore does not establish that newly incorporated GTP tubulin itself adopts that expanded state. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

At high levels of tau, when the lattice is fully decorated, bending of the lattice leads to local decrease in tau densities, which could be explained by disruption of the tau envelope on stretched lattice on the outer side of the bend.

“By contrast, at high levels of tau, when the lattice is fully decorated by tau, bending of the lattice leads to local decrease in tau densities28, which could be explained by the disruption of the tau envelope on stretched lattice on the outer side of the bend.”

• cites [28] Siahaan, V. et al. Kinetically distinct phases of tau on microtubules regulate kinesin motors and severing enzymes. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 1086–1092 (2019). sourcePartly supported

  The Additional information figure caption (p. unavailable) reports significantly lower tau density on highly curved microtubule regions than in islands on straight regions. The paper also reports saturation at high tau concentrations, but the cited passages do not establish that bending itself causes the density decrease under those conditions. The proposed disruption of a tau envelope appears after the citation as the citing authors’ explanation, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.80)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

MAP4 did not block the binding of a kinesin-1 motor domain to microtubules in prior experiments, while the present study shows it negatively affects KIF1A motility.

“In prior experiments, MAP4 did not block the binding of a kinesin-1 motor domain to microtubules44, while we show that it negatively affects KIF1A motility.”

• cites [44] Shigematsu, H. et al. Structural insight into microtubule stabilization and kinesin inhibition by Tau family MAPs. J. Cell Biol. 217, 4155–4163 (2018). sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Kinesin binding expands the microtubule lattice, suggesting that exclusive binding may arise from competition for an expanded versus compacted lattice.

“Apart from steric clashes between tau and kinesin9,41, kinesin binding expands the microtubule lattice4,6 suggesting that exclusive binding may arise from competition for an expanded versus compacted lattice.”

• cites [4] Peet, D. R., Burroughs, N. J. & Cross, R. A. Kinesin expands and stabilizes the GDP-microtubule lattice. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 386–391 (2018). sourceSupported
• cites [6] Shima, T. et al. Kinesin-binding–triggered conformation switching of microtubules contributes to polarized transport. J. Cell Biol. 217, 4164–4183 (2018). sourceSupported
• cites [9] Tan, R. et al. Microtubules gate tau condensation to spatially regulate microtubule functions. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 1078–1085 (2019). sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

KIF1A is sensitive to the nucleotide state of the microtubule lattice.

“KIF1A, a neuronal cargo transporter critical for human health37–40 and sensitive to the nucleotide state of the microtubule lattice11.”

• cites [11] Guedes-Dias, P. et al. Kinesin-3 responds to local microtubule dynamics to target synaptic cargo delivery to the presynapse. Curr. Biol. 29, 268–282 (2019). sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

TMR-MAP2c molecules transitioned to static binding within GFP-MAP2c envelopes, with dwell times increasing ~3-fold.

“However, TMR-MAP2c molecules transitioned to static binding within the GFP-MAP2c envelopes (Supplementary Fig. 3a), their dwell times increasing ~3-fold”

May combine two claims.

MAP2c colocalized with tau envelopes, where it was strongly enriched, showing that tau and MAP2c can form miscible MAP envelopes.

“Strikingly, MAP2c colocalized with the tau envelopes, where it was strongly enriched (Fig. 3g) showing that tau and MAP2c can form miscible MAP envelopes.”

May combine two claims.

At 20 nM tau, lattice regions not covered by tau envelopes showed no compaction, while regions covered by a tau envelope showed a compaction of 3.2 ± 1.0%.

“we found no compaction of the lattice in the regions of the microtubule not covered by tau envelopes, while the lattice regions covered by a tau envelope showed a compaction of 3.2 ± 1.0%”

May combine two claims.

MAP4 showed homogenous FRAP behavior with a recovery time and mobile fraction comparable to envelope-associated MAP2c.

“By contrast, MAP4 showed homogenous behavior with a recovery time and mobile fraction comparable to envelope-associated MAP2c”

May combine two claims.

MAP2c behaves similarly to tau, forming envelopes on taxol-lattice but not on GMPCPP-lattice microtubules.

“MAP2c behaved similarly to tau, forming envelopes on taxol-lattice but not on GMPCPP-lattice microtubules.”

May combine two claims.

After adding 60 nM tau to a straight non-stretched microtubule held between optical traps, tau envelope formation was observed and force increased due to a decrease in bead distance, indicating microtubule lattice compaction.

“After adding 60 nM tau to the chamber we observed tau envelope formation (Fig. 2d) and, simultaneously, detected an increase in force due to a decrease in the distance between the two beads, indicating a compaction of the microtubule lattice”

May combine two claims.

The presence of MAP2c decreased SiR-tubulin binding by over 3-fold, while MAP4 had no effect.

“Similar to tau (Fig. 1i), the presence of MAP2c decreased SiR-tubulin binding by over 3-fold, while MAP4 had no effect”

May combine two claims.

Microtubule compaction was observed within MAP2c envelopes, but not outside, and no compaction was observed upon addition of MAP4.

“Similar to tau, we observed compaction within MAP2c envelopes, but not outside (Fig. 3e). In contrast, we observed no microtubule compaction upon the addition of MAP4.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

On taxol-lattice microtubules at 600 nM tau, kinesin-1 showed no movement, indicating full coverage by tau envelopes.

“After the addition of 60 nM kinesin-1, we observed no movement of kinesin-1 on the taxol-lattice microtubules, showing that these were fully covered by tau envelopes”

May combine two claims.

MAP4 does not form envelopes on either taxol-lattice or GMPCPP-lattice microtubules, but binds uniformly along the microtubule length.

“Conversely, we did not observe envelope formation on either lattice with MAP4, but rather uniform binding along the microtubule length”

May combine two claims.

In the presence of 10 μM taxol after flow, tau envelopes disassembled from the ends and from the location of the mechanically induced fissure, with tau density dropping to 3.6 ± 2.8%.

“After the hydrodynamic flow, in the presence of 10 μM taxol in solution, the envelopes disassembled from the ends. Additionally, the envelope started disassembling from the location where the fissure had been introduced by mechanical bending (Fig. 2a, Supplementary Movie 5) as evidenced by a drop in tau density to 3.6 ± 2.8% (Fig. 2a,b; mean ± s.d.).”

May combine two claims.

Tau envelope formation is a cooperative process, with a Hill coefficient of 1.9 ± 0.7.

“revealing that tau envelope formation is a cooperative process (Fig. 1b) with a Hill coefficient of 1.9 ± 0.7.”

May combine two claims.

At 600 nM tau, tau uniformly covers microtubules and envelopes cannot be distinguished by local changes in tau density.

“At this concentration, tau uniformly covers the microtubule and the envelopes cannot be distinguished by local changes in tau density.”

May combine two claims.

On GMPCPP-lattice microtubules at 600 nM tau, kinesin-1 moved along entire lengths, indicating tau did not form envelopes even at saturating tau concentrations.

“By contrast, on the GMPCPP-lattice microtubules, kinesin-1 moved along their entire lengths, revealing that tau did not form envelopes, even at saturating tau concentrations.”

May combine two claims.

Single MAP4 molecules diffused on the microtubule lattice outside of tau/MAP2c envelopes but were unable to diffuse into the envelopes.

“while single MAP4 molecules diffused on the microtubule lattice outside of tau/MAP2c envelopes, they were unable to diffuse into the tau/MAP2c envelopes”

May combine two claims.

After addition of 400 nM tau to speckled taxol-lattice microtubules, envelopes formed rapidly and distances between individual speckles decreased, indicating lattice compaction concomitant with cooperative tau binding.

“After the addition of 400 nM tau to speckled taxol-lattice microtubules, envelopes formed rapidly and we observed a decrease in the distances between the individual speckles, indicating that the microtubule lattice was compacting concomitantly with the cooperative binding of tau”

May combine two claims.

In the absence of taxol, the fissure closed when the microtubule relaxed, with tau density recovering to 77.3 ± 10.8%.

“In the absence of taxol, the fissure closed when the microtubule relaxed, with the tau density recovering to 77.3 ± 10.8% (Fig. 2a,b, Supplementary Movie 6; mean ± s.d.).”

May combine two claims.

At higher concentrations, MAP2c and MAP4 strongly decreased the number of processive KIF1A motors without changing the velocity of motors that were able to bind.

“However, at higher concentrations these MAPs strongly decreased the number of processive motors without changing the velocity of motors that were able to bind”

May combine two claims.

Average pixel intensities of KIF1A were negatively correlated with average intensities of MAP2c at both concentrations tested, whereas no negative correlation was observed between KIF1A and MAP4.

“The average pixel intensities of KIF1A were negatively correlated with the average intensities of MAP2c at both concentrations tested, whereas we did not observe a negative correlation between KIF1A and MAP4”

May combine two claims.

At the highest concentrations of MAPs tested, MAP4, but not MAP2c, decreased the number of processive dynein motors on the microtubule.

“We found that at the highest concentrations of MAPs tested, MAP4, but not MAP2c, decreased the number of processive dynein motors on the microtubule”

May combine two claims.

Without substantial changes in initial tau density, fissures in the tau signal appeared and increased in size over time.

“Without substantial changes in the initial tau density on the microtubule, fissures in the tau signal appeared, which increased in size over time.”

May combine two claims.

Tau remained on microtubules when only DMSO was added, and the coefficient of variation remained largely unchanged.

“Tau remained on the microtubules when only DMSO was added to the medium, and the coefficient of variation remained largely unchanged”

May combine two claims.

For tau, cryo-EM showed a bimodal distribution of lattice spacing, suggesting the lattice was not covered entirely in tau envelopes under the conditions.

“For tau, we observed a bimodal distribution of lattice spacing, suggesting that the lattice was not covered entirely in tau envelopes under our conditions.”

May combine two claims.

Tau envelope formation is tightly linked to microtubule mechanics, and physically extending microtubule lattices coated by tau envelopes induces envelope disassembly.

“Combined, these experiments establish that tau envelope formation is tightly linked to microtubule mechanics, and show that physically extending microtubule lattices coated by tau envelopes induces envelope disassembly”

May combine two claims.

Because MAP4 does not form envelopes, it is unable to provide spatially distinct regulation of motors and rather regulates them globally.

“Because MAP4 does not form envelopes, it is unable to provide spatially distinct regulation of motors and rather regulates them globally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sequence of the amplified MAP4 gene corresponds to the RefSeq NM_002375.5, as confirmed with Sanger sequencing.

“We confirmed that the sequence of the amplified gene corresponds to the RefSeq NM_002375.5 with Sanger sequencing.”

May combine two claims.

Compacted microtubule lattices induce cooperative binding of tau, and extending microtubule lattices induces disassembly of tau envelopes in vitro.

“Our results show that compacted microtubule lattices induce cooperative binding of tau, and that extending microtubule lattices induces disassembly of tau envelopes in vitro.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Staining for α-tubulin or co-transfecting with mScarlet-α-tubulin verified that microtubules were not disrupted by either treatment.

“Staining the cells for α-tubulin, or co-transfecting the cells with eGFP-tau and mScarlet-α-tubulin, verified that microtubules were not disrupted by either treatment”

May combine two claims.

Colocalization of tau and MAP2 into shared envelopes that exclude MAP4 suggests that different MAPs can form spatially distinct domains on the microtubule lattice, differentially regulating access to the microtubule surface.

“Colocalization of tau and MAP2 into shared envelopes that exclude MAP4 suggests that different MAPs can form spatially distinct domains on the microtubule lattice, differentially regulating access to microtubule surface.”

May combine two claims.

Tau and MAP2, but not MAP4, are sensitive to the mechanical state of the microtubule lattice, and thus are suited to function as mechanosensitive MAPs.

“Our data suggests that tau and MAP2, but not MAP4, are sensitive to the mechanical state of the microtubule lattice, and thus are suited to function as mechanosensitive MAPs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The trap stiffness was calibrated using force calibration (0.5.1) in Bluelake (v1.6.11, LUMICKS B.V.) under zero flow condition.

“The trap stiffness was calibrated using force calibration (0.5.1) in Bluelake (v1.6.11, LUMICKS B.V.) under zero flow condition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Data points from two different protein preparations of mScarlet-tau envelopes were pooled.

“Data points from two different protein preparations of mScarlet–tau envelopes were pooled.”

May combine two claims.

Like tau, MAP2c forms envelopes that compact an extended microtubule lattice; MAP4 does not form cohesive envelopes in any condition tested and is unable to affect the structure of the lattice.

“Combined, these data reveal that like tau, MAP2c forms envelopes, which compact an extended microtubule lattice. By contrast, MAP4 does not form cohesive envelopes in any condition tested, and is unable to affect the structure of the lattice”

May combine two claims.

Tau/MAP2c envelopes exclude MAP4 at their boundaries and restrict the dynamics of MAP4 within.

“demonstrating that tau/MAP2c envelopes exclude MAP4 at their boundaries and restrict the dynamics of MAP4 within.”

May combine two claims.

The vast majority of tau in U-2 OS cells was cooperatively bound to microtubules, and artificial lattice extension by taxol reveals this cooperative binding through envelope dissolution.

“We thus conclude that the vast majority of tau in U-2 OS cells was cooperatively bound to microtubules, and that artificial lattice extension by taxol reveals this cooperative binding through envelope dissolution.”

May combine two claims.

There was no observable negative correlation between averaged intensities of MAPs and DDH, suggesting neither MAP strongly affects the spatial distribution of the motors along microtubules.

“We found no observable negative correlation (Fig. 5d), suggesting that neither MAP strongly affects the spatial distribution of the motors along microtubules.”

May combine two claims.

MAP2c and MAP4 exert different effects on retrograde and anterograde motors, with MAP envelopes differentially regulating dynein-based retrograde and kinesin-based anterograde transport.

“These results indicate that cooperative envelope formation facilitates spatial regulation of the KIF1A motor along the microtubule, and demonstrate that MAP2c and MAP4 exert different effects on retrograde and anterograde motors.”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted

  “We demonstrate that MAP envelopes differentially regulate the motility of two predominant microtubule motor systems: dynein-based retrograde, and kinesin-based anterograde transport.”

May combine two claims.

Both MAP2c and MAP4 strongly affect the landing rate of KIF1A motors.

“These observations indicate that both MAPs strongly affect the landing rate of the KIF1A motors.”

May combine two claims.

Cooperative binding of tau and MAP2c to microtubules both requires and reciprocally induces a local compaction of the underlying microtubule lattice.

“Cooperative binding of tau and MAP2c to microtubules both requires and, reciprocally, induces a local compaction of the underlying microtubule lattice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All experiments were quantified by pooling data from at least two chambers performed on multiple days.

“All experiments were quantified by pooling data from at least two chambers performed on multiple days.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sequence of the resulting pcDNA4.0/TO_EGFP-tau plasmid was checked using Sanger sequencing.

“The sequence of the resulting pcDNA4.0/TO_EGFP-tau plasmid was checked using Sanger sequencing.”

May combine two claims.

Tau and MAP2 envelopes spatially gate kinesin access to the microtubule, while allowing dynein to pass.

“Our data reveal that tau and MAP2 envelopes spatially gate kinesin access to the microtubule, while allowing dynein to pass.”