Tau and neurodegenerative disease: the story so far
Abstract
In 1975, tau protein was isolated as a microtubule-associated factor from the porcine brain. In the previous year, a paired helical filament (PHF) protein had been identified in neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD), but it was not until 1986 that the PHF protein and tau were discovered to be one and the same. In the AD brain, tau was found to be abnormally hyperphosphorylated, and it inhibited rather than promoted in vitro microtubule assembly. Almost 80 disease-causing exonic missense and intronic silent mutations in the tau gene have been found in familial cases of frontotemporal dementia but, to date, no such mutation has been found in AD. The first phase I clinical trial of an active tau immunization vaccine in patients with AD was recently completed. Assays for tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma are now available, and tau radiotracers for PET are under development. In this article, we provide an overview of the pivotal discoveries in the tau research field over the past 40 years. We also review the current status of the field, including disease mechanisms and therapeutic approaches.
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MAPT encodes the Tau protein and is implicated in various neurological diseases.
“We next applied CRISPRoff-mediated editing of iPSC-derived neurons to silence MAPT, a gene that encodes the Tau protein and is implicated in various neurological diseases (Iqbal et al., 2016).”
From Genome-wide programmable transcriptional memory by CRISPR-based epigenome editing (2021) · cites this paper as Iqbal et al., 2016
Amyloid beta enrichment was found for AD and PD, and tau enrichment for MS and PD.
“Additional interesting findings include amyloid beta enrichment for AD and PD, and tau enrichment for MS and PD (Table 1), supporting amyloid beta and tau pathology in degenerative disorders26,27.”
From A computational tool (H-MAGMA) for improved prediction of brain-disorder risk genes by incorporating brain chromatin interaction profiles (2020) · cites this paper as [26]
Hyperphosphorylation alone can induce pathological functional changes in tau, promoting self-aggregation into PHF tangles.
“However, the hyperphosphorylation alone can induce pathological functional changes in tau, promoting self-aggregation into PHF tangles.”
From Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Tau hyperphosphorylation is present in almost every tauopathy.
“Moreover, tau hyperphosphorylation is present in almost every tauopathy, suggesting that different post-translational modifications may be involved in modulating hyperphosphorylation [4].”
From Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
PP2A inactivation is regarded as the most important molecular event that causes abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation in the AD brain.
“PP2A inactivation is regarded as the most important molecular event that causes abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation in the AD brain (Iqbal et al., 2016).”
From CIP2A Causes Tau/APP Phosphorylation, Synaptopathy, and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as Iqbal et al., 2016
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Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
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“Moreover, tau hyperphosphorylation is present in almost every tauopathy, suggesting that different post-translational modifications may be involved in modulating hyperphosphorylation [4].”
BackgroundImmune Signaling in Neurodegeneration
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Novel allele-dependent role for APOE in controlling the rate of synapse pruning by astrocytes
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Intersection of pathological tau and microglia at the synapse
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Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease
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Tau Proteolysis in the Pathogenesis of Tauopathies: Neurotoxic Fragments and Novel Biomarkers
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Identification of evolutionarily conserved gene networks mediating neurodegenerative dementia
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The aged rhesus macaque manifests Braak stage III/IV Alzheimer's‐like pathology
Paspalas, C. D., Carlyle, B. C., Leslie, S., Preuss, T. M., Crimins, J. L., Huttner, A. J., van Dyck, C. H., Rosene, D. L., Nairn, A. C., & Arnsten, A. F. T. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.11.005 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Tau filaments in neurodegenerative diseases
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Blood-brain barrier leakage in Alzheimer’s disease: From discovery to clinical relevance
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Genome instability in Alzheimer disease
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Hyperammonemia in Hepatic Encephalopathy
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CD4 T Cells Induce A Subset of MHCII-Expressing Microglia that Attenuates Alzheimer Pathology
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CIP2A Causes Tau/APP Phosphorylation, Synaptopathy, and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease
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“PP2A inactivation is regarded as the most important molecular event that causes abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation in the AD brain (Iqbal et al., 2016).”
BackgroundCurrent Status of Clinical Trials on Tau Immunotherapies
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Microtubule lattice spacing governs cohesive envelope formation of tau family proteins
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Head-to-head comparison of tau positron emission tomography tracers [18F]flortaucipir and [18F]RO948
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Ten Years of Tau-Targeted Immunotherapy: The Path Walked and the Roads Ahead
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“The picture is complicated by the ∼80 possible phosphorylation sites on tau, and the lively interplay of kinases and phosphatases that alter tau’s phosphorylation pattern (Grundke-Iqbal et al., 1986; Iqbal et al., 2016).”
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Astrocyte-secreted glypican-4 drives APOE4-dependent tau hyperphosphorylation
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DNA Damage-Induced Neurodegeneration in Accelerated Ageing and Alzheimer’s Disease
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- Authors
- Iqbal, K., Liu, F., & Gong, C.-X.
- Corresponding author
- Iqbal, Khalid
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2015-12-04
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-27
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- OpenAlex
- W2189621653
- Cited by
- 806
- References
- 197
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 39 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 8.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- tau protein, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, tau hyperphosphorylation, paired helical filaments, neurofibrillary tangles, frontotemporal dementia, tau mutations, tau biomarkers, cerebrospinal fluid, microtubule assembly
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, DNA Mutational Analysis, Humans, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Neurofibrillary Tangles, tau Proteins, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tauopathies, Biomedical Research, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn, Frontotemporal Dementia
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