The alkaloids of Banisteriopsis caapi, the plant source of the Amazonian hallucinogen Ayahuasca, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro
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Banisteriopsis caapi is the basic ingredient of ayahuasca, a psychotropic plant tea used in the Amazon for ritual and medicinal purposes, and by interested individuals worldwide. Animal studies and recent clinical research suggests that B. caapi preparations show antidepressant activity, a therapeutic effect that has been linked to hippocampal neurogenesis. Here we report that harmine, tetrahydroharmine and harmaline, the three main alkaloids present in B. caapi, and the harmine metabolite harmol, stimulate adult neurogenesis in vitro. In neurospheres prepared from progenitor cells obtained from the subventricular and the subgranular zones of adult mice brains, all compounds stimulated neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation into adult neurons. These findings suggest that modulation of brain plasticity could be a major contribution to the antidepressant effects of ayahuasca. They also expand the potential application of B. caapi alkaloids to other brain disorders that may benefit from stimulation of endogenous neural precursor niches.
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Findings from in vitro and in vivo studies show that harmine, tetrahydroharmine, and harmaline stimulate neurogenesis, BDNF, and have antidepressant effects.
“Findings from in vitro and in vivo studies show that these compounds stimulate neurogenesis, BDNF, and have antidepressant effects (70–73).”
From Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics. (2021) · cites this paper as [73]
The Discussion reports that harmine, tetrahydroharmine, and harmaline stimulated neurogenesis in vitro. The Introduction reports animal evidence for increased BDNF and antidepressant-like effects for harmine, but does not establish those effects for tetrahydroharmine or harmaline. This paper does not report in vivo neurogenesis for the three compounds. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHarmine, tetrahydroharmine, harmaline, and dimethyltryptamine stimulate adult neurogenesis and neuroplasticity similarly to other serotoninergic psychedelic substances.
“in vitro, animal and human studies have demonstrated how harmine, tetrahydroharmine, harmaline (all three present in B. caapi) and dimethyltryptamine (present in P. viridis) stimulate adult neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, similarly to other serotoninergic psychedelic substances (40–43).”
From Ayahuasca-assisted meaning reconstruction therapy for grief: a non-randomized clinical trial protocol (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
The Discussion reports that harmine, tetrahydroharmine and harmaline stimulated adult neurogenesis in an in vitro model using cells from adult mice. It also says DMT was not tested and that in vivo neurogenesis remains for future study. The source therefore does not demonstrate the claimed effects for DMT, in animals or humans, or a comparable effect to other serotonergic psychedelics. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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“Neurogenesis may also contribute to these effects, as psilocybin, ketamine as well as β-carbolines present in the ayahuasca brew, have all been shown to enhance neurogenesis in animal studies (42, 67, 68).”
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- Authors
- Morales-García, J. A., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Alonso-Gil, S., Rodríguez-Franco, M. I., Feilding, A., Perez-Castillo, A., & Riba, J.
- Affiliations
- Beckley Foundation (GB)
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2017-07-13
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5309-5309
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5509699
- OpenAlex
- W2728001011
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 5.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Beckley Foundation
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (SAF2014-52940-R)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (SAF2014-52940-R)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Synthesis and bioactivity of alkaloids
- Keywords
- Banisteriopsis caapi, ayahuasca, harmine, tetrahydroharmine, harmaline, harmol, alkaloids, adult neurogenesis, neural stem cells, neurospheres, hippocampus, antidepressant effects, neuroplasticity, subventricular zone, subgranular zone
- MeSH terms
- Alkaloids, Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cell Movement, Cells, Cultured, Harmaline, Harmine, Neuroprotective Agents, Banisteriopsis, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Neurogenesis, Neural Stem Cells
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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