Complement C5 is not critical for the formation of sub-RPE deposits in Efemp1 mutant mice
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The complement system plays a role in the formation of sub-retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) deposits in early stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). But the specific mechanisms that connect complement activation and deposit formation in AMD patients are unknown, which limits the development of efficient therapies to reduce or stop disease progression. We have previously demonstrated that C3 blockage prevents the formation of sub-RPE deposits in a mouse model of EFEMP1 -associated macular degeneration. In this study, we have used double mutant Efemp1 R345W/R345W : C5 -/- mice to investigate the role of C5 in the formation of sub-RPE deposits in vivo and in vitro. The data revealed that the genetic ablation of C5 does not eliminate the formation of sub-RPE deposits. Contrarily, the absence of C5 in RPE cultures promotes complement dysregulation that results in increased activation of C3, which likely contributes to deposit formation even in the absence of EFEMP1-R345W mutant protein. The results also suggest that genetic ablation of C5 alters the extracellular matrix turnover through an effect on matrix metalloproteinases in RPE cell cultures. These results confirm that C3 rather than C5 could be an effective therapeutic target to treat early AMD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Complement proteins C3 and Factor B (FB) have been found to be essential for drusen formation in mouse models of inherited retinal degeneration.
“In fact, complement proteins C3 and Factor B (FB) have been found to be essential for drusen formation in mouse models of inherited retinal degeneration [119,120,121].”
From Bruch’s Membrane: A Key Consideration with Complement-Based Therapies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2023) · cites this paper as [120]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Sex differences in immune responses
Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.90 · Cited by 6,370 · see citing works
Complement: a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis
Ricklin, D., Hajishengallis, G., Yang, K., & Lambris, J. D. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1923 · Cited by 3,654 · see citing works
Hageman, G. S., Anderson, D. H., Johnson, L. V., Hancox, L. S., Taiber, A. J., Hardisty, L. I., Hageman, J. L., Stockman, H. A., Borchardt, J. D., Gehrs, K. M., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501536102 · Cited by 1,961 · see citing works
Three-dimensional Epigenome Statistical Model: Genome-wide Chromatin Looping Prediction
Bkhetan, Z. A., & Plewczyński, D. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23276-8 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
Drusen proteome analysis: an approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration
Crabb, J. W., Miyagi, M., Gu, X., Shadrach, K., West, K. A., Sakaguchi, H., Kamei, M., Hasan, A., Yan, L., Rayborn, M. E., et al. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.222551899 · Cited by 1,208 · see citing works
A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye
Anderson, D. H., Mullins, R. F., Hageman, G. S., & Johnson, L. V. (2002) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01624-0 · Cited by 1,087 · see citing works
Anderson, D. H., Radeke, M. J., Gallo, N. B., Chapin, E. A., Johnson, P. T., Curletti, C. R., Hancox, L. S., Hu, J., Ebright, J. N., Malek, G., et al. (2010) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.11.003 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Mattapallil, M. J., Wawrousek, E. F., Chan, C.-C., Zhao, H., Roychoudhury, J., Ferguson, T. A., & Caspi, R. R. (2012) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.12-9662 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Drusen complement components C3a and C5a promote choroidal neovascularization
Nozaki, M., Raisler, B. J., Sakurai, E., Sarma, J. V., Barnum, S. R., Lambris, J. D., Chen, Y., Zhang, K., Ambati, B. K., Baffi, J. Z., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0408835103 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Stone, E. M., Lotery, A. J., Munier, F. L., Héon, E., Piguet, B., Guymer, R. H., Vandenburgh, K., Cousin, P., Nishimura, D. Y., Swiderski, R. E., et al. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/9722 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
C5 Inhibitor Avacincaptad Pegol for Geographic Atrophy Due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Jaffe, G. J., Westby, K., Csaky, K. G., Monés, J., Pearlman, J. A., Patel, S. S., Joondeph, B. C., Randolph, J. C., Masonson, H., & Rezaei, K. A. (2020) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.027 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Maminishkis, A., Chen, S., Jalickee, S., Banzon, T., Shi, G., Wang, F. E., Ehalt, T., Hammer, J. A., & Miller, S. S. (2006) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.05-1622 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Abundant Lipid and Protein Components of Drusen
Wang, L., Clark, M. E., Crossman, D. K., Kojima, K., Messinger, J. D., Mobley, J. A., & Curcio, C. A. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010329 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
A potential role for immune complex pathogenesis in drusen formation
JOHNSON, L. V., OZAKI, S., STAPLES, M. K., ERICKSON, P. A., & ANDERSON, D. H. (2000) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1006/exer.1999.0798 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Seddon, J. M., Yu, Y., Miller, E. C., Reynolds, R. C., Tan, P. L., Gowrisankar, S., Goldstein, J. I., Triebwasser, M. P., Anderson, H. E., Zerbib, J., et al. (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2741 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Yehoshua, Z., Alexandre de Amorim Garcia Filho, C., Nunes, R. P., Gregori, G., Penha, F. M., Moshfeghi, A. A., Zhang, K., Sadda, S., Feuer, W., & Rosenfeld, P. J. (2014) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.09.044 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Sonoda, S., Spee, C., Barron, E., Ryan, S. J., Kannan, R., & Hinton, D. R. (2009) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.33 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Sarks, S. H., Arnold, J. J., Killingsworth, M. C., & Sarks, J. P. (1999) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.83.3.358 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Miller, J. W. (2012) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2012.10.018 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
A comparison of some organizational characteristics of the mouse central retina and the human macula
Volland, S., Esteve-Rudd, J., Hoo, J., Yee, C., & Williams, D. S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125631 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Frick, K. M. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.08.015 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The genetics of inherited macular dystrophies
Michaelides, M., Hunt, D. M., & Moore, A. T. (2003) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.40.9.641 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Deficiency of the murine fifth complement component (C5). A 2-base pair gene deletion in a 5'-exon.
Wetsel, R. A., Fleischer, D. T., & Haviland, D. L. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39817-5 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Johnson, L. V., Forest, D. L., Banna, C. D., Radeke, C. M., Maloney, M. A., Hu, J. G., Spencer, C. N., Walker, A. M., Tsie, M. S., Bok, D., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1109703108 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Age-related changes in human RPE cell density and apoptosis proportion in situ.
Priore, L. V. D., Kuo, Y.-H., & Tezel, T. H. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Pangburn, M. K., & Müller‐Eberhard, H. J. (1986) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2350723 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tears: Risk Factors, Mechanism and Therapeutic Monitoring
Clemens, C. R., & Eter, N. (2015) · Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1159/000439445 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Russell, S. R., Mullins, R. F., Schneider, B. L., & Hageman, G. S. (2000) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00345-1 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Structure, Function, and Pathology of Bruch's Membrane
Curcio, C. A., & Johnson, M. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00020-5 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Genetics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
DeAngelis, M. M., Owen, L. A., Morrison, M. A., Morgan, D. J., Li, M., Shakoor, A., Vitale, A. T., Iyengar, S. K., Stambolian, D., Kim, I. K., et al. (2017) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx228 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Lack of fibulin-3 causes early aging and herniation, but not macular degeneration in mice
McLaughlin, P. J., Bakall, B., Choi, J., Liu, Z., Sasaki, T., Davis, E. C., Marmorstein, A. D., & Marmorstein, L. Y. (2007) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm264 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Separation of self from non-self in the complement system
Atkinson, J. P., & FARRIES, T. C. (1987) · Immunology Today · doi:10.1016/0167-5699(87)90167-8 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Klenotic, P. A., Munier, F. L., Marmorstein, L. Y., & Anand‐Apte, B. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m403026200 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
High Genomic Diversity of Multi-Drug Resistant Wastewater
Mahfouz, N., Caucci, S., Achatz, E., Semmler, T., Guenther, S., Berendonk, T. U., & Schroeder, M. (2018) · UNU Collections (United Nations University) · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Bexborn, F., Andersson, P. O., Chen, H., Nilsson, B., & Ekdahl, K. N. (2007) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.11.003 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The tick-over theory revisited: Is C3 a contact-activated protein?
Nilsson, B., & Ekdahl, K. N. (2012) · Immunobiology · doi:10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.008 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The R345W mutation in EFEMP1 is pathogenic and causes AMD-like deposits in mice
Fu, L., Garland, D. L., Yang, Z., Shukla, D., Rajendran, A., Pearson, E., Stone, E. M., Zhang, K., & Pierce, E. A. (2007) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm198 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationMarmorstein, L. Y., McLaughlin, P. J., Peachey, N. S., Sasaki, T., & Marmorstein, A. D. (2007) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm199 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Cashman, S. M., Ramo, K., & Kumar-Singh, R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019078 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Isolation, culture and characterization of primary mouse RPE cells
Fernández‐Godino, R., Garland, D. L., & Pierce, E. A. (2016) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.065 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationMacular degeneration and early menopause: a case-control study
Vingerling, J. R., Dielemans, I., Witteman, J. C. M., Albert Hofman, D., Grobbee, D. E., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6994.1570 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
PADGETT, L. C., LUI, G.-M., Werb, Z., & LaVail, M. M. (1997) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1006/exer.1997.0287 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
DRUSEN PATTERNS PREDISPOSING TO GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
Sarks, S. H. (1982) · Australian Journal of Opthalmology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.1982.tb00366.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Formation of High-Affinity C5 Convertases of the Alternative Pathway of Complement
Rawal, N., & Pangburn, M. K. (2001) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2635 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Filho, C. A. D. A. G., Yehoshua, Z., Gregori, G., Nunes, R. P., Penha, F. M., Moshfeghi, A. A., Zhang, K., Feuer, W. J., & Rosenfeld, P. J. (2013) · Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina · doi:10.3928/23258160-20131217-01 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
C5 Convertase of the Alternative Pathway of Complement
Rawal, N., & Pangburn, M. K. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.27.16828 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Development and aging of cell topography in the human retinal pigment epithelium.
Harman, A. M., Fleming, P. A., Hoskins, R. V., & Moore, S. R. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Female Gender, Estrogen Loss, and Sub-RPE Deposit Formation in Aged Mice
Cousins, S. W., Marin-Castan~o, M. E., Espinosa‐Heidmann, D. G., Alexandridou, A., Striker, L. J., & Elliot, S. J. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0285 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A local complement response by RPE causes early-stage macular degeneration
Fernandez-Godino, R., Garland, D. L., & Pierce, E. A. (2015) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddv287 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationFernández‐Godino, R., Bujakowska, K. M., & Pierce, E. A. (2017) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx392 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationKeenan, T. D. L., Pickford, C. E., Holley, R. J., Clark, S. J., Lin, W., Dowsey, A. W., Merry, C. L., Day, A. J., & Bishop, P. N. (2014) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-14126 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Estrogen Signalling in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Kaarniranta, K., Machalińska, A., Veréb, Z., Salminen, A., Petrovski, G., & Kauppinen, A. (2014) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713683.2014.925933 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Ren, Z.-P., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Wei, X., Zeng, S., Zheng, Y., Gao, C., & Liu, H. (2018) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1800637 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Leu, S. T., Batni, S., Radeke, M. J., Johnson, L. V., Anderson, D. H., & Clegg, D. (2002) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1006/exer.2001.1112 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Fernández‐Godino, R., & Pierce, E. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28143-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationGarland, D. L., Fernández‐Godino, R., Kaur, I., Speicher, K. D., Harnly, J. M., Lambris, J. D., Speicher, D. W., & Pierce, E. A. (2013) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt395 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationRen, W., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Piao, C., Ma, Y., Qiu, S., Jia, L., Chen, B., Wang, Y., Jiang, W., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601386 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Extracellular Matrix Alterations and Deposit Formation in AMD
Fernández‐Godino, R., Pierce, E. A., & Garland, D. L. (2015) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationInteraction of Complement Factor H and Fibulin3 in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Wyatt, M. K., Tsai, J.-Y., Mishra, S., Campos, M. M., Jaworski, C. J., Fariss, R. N., Bernstein, S. L., & Wistow, G. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068088 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Complement Factor H Deficiency and Posttransplantation Glomerulonephritis With Isolated C3 Deposits
Boyer, O., Noël, L., Balzamo, E., Guest, G., Biebuyck, N., Charbit, M., Salomon, R., Frémeaux‐Bacchi, V., & Niaudet, P. (2008) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.11.032 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hyperfunctional complement C3 promotes C5-dependent atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in mice
Smith‐Jackson, K., Yang, Y., Denton, H., Pappworth, I. Y., Cooke, K., Barlow, P. N., Atkinson, J. P., Liszewski, M. K., Pickering, M. C., Kavanagh, D., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci99296 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Toomey, C. B., Landowski, M., Klingeborn, M., Kelly, U., Deans, J. R., Dong, H., Harrabi, O., Blarcom, T. J. V., Yeung, Y. A., Grishanin, R. N., et al. (2018) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.17-23134 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 64 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hammadi, S., Tzoumas, N., Ferrara, M., Meschede, I. P., Lo, K., Harris, C., Lako, M., & Steel, D. H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12082870 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
EFEMP1 rare variants cause familial juvenile‐onset open‐angle glaucoma
Collantes, E. R., Delfin, M. S., Fan, B., Torregosa, J. M. R., Siguan‐Bell, C., FlorCruz, N. V., Martinez, J. M. D., Masna‐Hidalgo, B. J., Guzman, V. P. T., Anotado‐Flores, J. F., et al. (2021) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.24320 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Petrisko, T. J., Gómez-Arboledas, Á., & Tenner, A. J. (2021) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/bs.ai.2021.09.003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The extracellular microenvironment in immune dysregulation and inflammation in retinal disorders
Biasella, F., Plößl, K., Baird, P. N., & Weber, B. H. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147037 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Crowley, M. A., Garland, D. L., Sellner, H., Banks, A., Fan, L., Rejtar, T., Buchanan, N., Delgado, O., Xu, Y. Y., Jose, S., et al. (2023) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddac187 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Complement System as a Therapeutic Target in Retinal Disease
Ong, J., Zarnegar, A., Selvam, A., Driban, M., & Chhablani, J. K. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60060945 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Emerging opportunities for C3 inhibition in the eye
Kim, B. J., Liu, T., Mastellos, D. C., & Lambris, J. D. (2022) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2022.101633 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Exploring ocular fibulin-3 (EFEMP1): Anatomical, age-related, and species perspectives
Daniel, S., & Hulleman, J. D. (2024) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167239 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ortega, A. J., Daniel, S., Renwick, M., Kambhampati, P., Thompson, K. N., Collier, G. E., Baker, E. L., Zaki, H., & Hulleman, J. D. (2025) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-025-08104-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
EFEMP1 rare variants cause juvenile-onset open angle glaucoma in families from the PhilippinesPreprint
Collantes, E. R., Delfin, M. S., Fan, B., Torregosa, J. M. R., Siguan‐Bell, C., FlorCruz, N. V., Martinez, J. M. D., Masna‐Hidalgo, B. J., Guzman, V. P. T., Anotado‐Flores, J. F., et al. (2021) · doi:10.22541/au.162673232.22241174/v1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Xu, L., Ruddick, W. N., Bolch, S. N., Klingeborn, M., Dyka, F. M., Kulkarni, M. M., Simpson, C. P., Beltran, W. A., Rickman, C. B., Smith, W. C., et al. (2022) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.10.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A review of the role of EFEMP1 in ophthalmic disease
Wood, A. J., Livingstone, I., Westcott, M. C., Furniss, D., & Wiberg, A. (2025) · Ophthalmic Genetics · doi:10.1080/13816810.2025.2524511 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ortega, A. J., Daniel, S., Renwick, M., Kambhampati, P., Thompson, K. N., Collier, G. E., Baker, E. L., Zaki, H., & Hulleman, J. D. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618289
Miller, W. P., Arévalo-Alquichire, S., Perez-Corredor, P. A., Lin, R., Upreti, A., Sanchez-Suarez, J., Vanderleest, T. E., Mariño, C., Spencer, D., Scribner, M., et al. (2026) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2026.103024
- Authors
- Garland, D. L., Pierce, E. A., & Fernandez-Godino, R.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (US)
- ORCID
- Pierce, Eric A.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2021-05-17
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10416-10416
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8128922
- OpenAlex
- W3162622393
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (P30EY014104, P30EY003790)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Complement system in diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- complement C5, age-related macular degeneration, EFEMP1, complement activation, C3 activation, complement dysregulation, retinal pigment epithelium, extracellular matrix turnover, matrix metalloproteinases, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Complement Activation, Complement C5, Disease Models, Animal, Extracellular Matrix, Female, Humans, Male, Mutation, Retinal Degeneration, Extracellular Matrix Proteins, Mice, Knockout, Matrix Metalloproteinases, Mice, Retinal Pigment Epithelium
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
