Prevalence and therapeutic impact of adverse life event reexperiencing under ceremonial ayahuasca
Open accessAbstract
The present study examined the safety and efficacy of the ceremonial use of ayahuasca in relation to reports of heightened life event reexperiencing under psychedelics. The study examined (1) the prevalence of specific types of adverse life event reexperiencing, (2) characteristics predictive of reexperiencing, (3) the psychological character of reexperiencing, and (4) the impact of reexperiencing on mental health. Participants were recruited from three ayahuasca healing and spiritual centers in South and Central America (N = 33 military veterans, 306 non-veterans) using self-report data at three timepoints (Pre-retreat, Post-retreat, 3-months post-retreat). Reexperiencing adverse life events under ayahuasca was common, with women showing particularly high probability of reexperiencing sexual assault, veterans reexperiencing combat-related trauma, and individuals with a self-reported lifetime diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder exhibiting a substantively higher prevalence of reexperiencing. Reexperiencing was associated with states of cognitive reappraisal, psychological flexibility, and discomfort during ceremonies, and participants who reexperienced adverse life events exhibited greater reductions in trait neuroticism following their ceremonies. Clinical implications of these results for the application of psychedelics to mood and stress disorders are discussed.
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Ceremonial use of ayahuasca is related to an increase in cognitive reappraisal, which helps to look at and experience adverse life events with distance.
“In addition, studies showed that ceremonial use of psychedelics (ayahuasca) is related to an increase in cognitive reappraisal which helps to look at and experience adverse life events with distance [83].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
The Results section reports an association between adverse-life-event reexperiencing during ayahuasca ceremonies and cognitive reappraisal. The Discussion proposes that decentering may help people view such events from a new perspective. The paper does not establish an increase in cognitive reappraisal from ceremonial use or show that reappraisal causes people to experience adverse events with distance. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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“Supporting this, Weiss et al. (2023) found that recollection of past adverse life events during ayahuasca cer-emonies was positively associated with therapeutic effects.”
The Epidemiology of Psychedelic Use Among United States Military Veterans
Davis, A. K., Bates, M. J., Lund, E. M., Sepeda, N. D., Levin, A. W., Armstrong, S. B., Koffman, R. L., Hooyer, K., & Yehuda, R. (2024) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2024.2401977 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Such experiences may be associated with significant therapeutic breakthroughs, such as cognitive reappraisal and psychological flexibility (Weiss et al. 2023); however, without the proper support and context, they may lead to further suffering and pathologization.”
A Scoping Review of Research in Naturalistic Studies with Psychedelics
de Carvalho, L. L., Encantado, J., Kettner, H., Timmermann, C., Veiga, D., & Teixeira, P. J. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2520221 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
EMBARK Psychedelic Therapy for Depression
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.001.0001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Calnan, M., Blest‐Hopley, G., Busch, C., Adams, M., Ruffell, S., Piper, T., Roseman, L., Kettner, H., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70660 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sznitman, S. R., Behar, Y. A., Dicker‐Oren, S. D., Shochat, T., Meiri, D., Butto, N., Roe, D., & Bernstein, A. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06704-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Clinical pharmacology of ayahuasca: potential applications and future considerations
Guerra, L. T. L., Dias, I. C. D. S., Hallak, J. E. C., & SANTOS, R. G. D. (2025) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2025.2577726 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A lifetime diagnosis of PTSD seems to be related to increased reexperiencing of traumatic events after AYA intake, which is associated to increased discomfort and reappraisal during acute effects [93].”
Introduction to the EMBARK Approach
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0003
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0006
Bringing It Home and Carrying It Forward
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0009
Considerations Prior to Meeting With a Participant
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0005
INTRODUCTION: A New Approach for the Whole Person
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0001
Choosing Suggested Integration Goals
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.005.0004
Working Within the EMBARK Domains Cheat Sheet
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.005.0003
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0007
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.005.0002
An Overview of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0002
Personal Care for the Therapist
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.005.0001
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0008
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.002.0004
EMBARK Mechanisms of Change in the Treatment of Depression
Brennan, B., & Belser, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197762622.003.0004
Levin, A. W., Sarparast, A., Nagib, P. B., & Davis, A. K. (2024) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2024.00395
Diehl, V. J., Calder, A. E., & Hasler, G. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251397306
“…brew) showed that re-experiencing and re-evaluating traumatic memories during the psychedelic session can positively influence depressive symptoms (Watts et al., 2017), foster abstinence from an addictive substance (Noorani et al., 2018) and significantly reduce neuroticism (Weiss et al., 2023).”
Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following psychedelic use: a naturalistic survey study
Evens, R., Uyar, A., Gosslau, E., Dambeck, F., Repantis, D., Wolff, M., & Lueken, U. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726103754
“…pasttraumaticevents – as observed in MDMA-assisted psycho-therapy or in ceremonial retreat contexts (Feduccia & Mithoefer, 2018; Weiss, Wingert, Erritzoe, & Campbell, 2023) – but may also amplify or elicit new distressing responses to such memories.”
Whitfield, H. J., Schepers, J., Mason, N. L., Luca, M., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2026) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2026.00530
Calder, A. E., Diehl, V. J., Hinney, B., & Hasler, G. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2026.101127
Behavioral Shifts in Natural Speech, Language, and Facial Expression Following Ayahuasca Ceremonies
Masucci, M. D., Cohen, A. S., Cox, C. R., Rodriguez, Z. B., Granrud, O. E., Campbell, W. K., & Weiss, B. (2026) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425261484374
Self-citation
- Authors
- Weiss, B., Wingert, A., Erritzoe, D., & Campbell, W. K.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weiss, Brandon
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2023-06-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9438-9438
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10256717
- OpenAlex
- W4380089845
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 9.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2013-21-501, CL-2017-21-004)
- Academy of Medical Sciences (SGL019\1063)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F32DA055459)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, trauma reprocessing, post-traumatic stress disorder, war injuries, sexual assault, military veterans, psychological flexibility, cognitive reappraisal, neuroticism
- MeSH terms
- Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Prevalence, Banisteriopsis
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