Psychological flexibility mediates the relations between acute psychedelic effects and subjective decreases in depression and anxiety
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Prior research has shown that acute subjective psychedelic effects are associated with both spontaneous and intended changes in depression and anxiety. Psychedelics are also theorized to produce increases in psychological flexibility, which could explain decreases in depression and anxiety following a psychedelic experience. Therefore, the present cross-sectional survey study sought to examine whether psychological flexibility mediated the relationship between acute psychedelic experiences and spontaneous or intended changes in depression and anxiety among a large international sample of people who reported having used a psychedelic (n=985; male=71.6%; Caucasian/white=84.1%; M age=32.2, SD=12.6). A regression analysis showed that acute effects (i.e., mystical and insightful effects) were significantly associated with decreases in depression/anxiety following a psychedelic experience. A path analysis revealed that, while controlling for age and sex, increases in psychological flexibility fully mediated the effect of mystical and insightful experiences on decreases in depression and anxiety following a psychedelic experience. This suggests that psychological flexibility may be an important mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelic drugs. Future prospective experimental studies should examine the effect of psychedelic drug administration on psychological flexibility in order to gain a better understanding of the psychological processes that predict therapeutic effects of psychedelics.
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Two relevant studies used cross-sectional designs, which prevent analysis of process-level psychedelic changes and may be affected by retrospective bias.
“First, two of the relevant studies used cross-sectional designs that inherently preclude analysis of process-level psychedelic changes and may be impacted by retrospective bias (Davis et al., 2020; Thiessen et al., 2018).”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Davis et al., 2020
The Method (Procedure; page unavailable) identifies this as a cross-sectional survey, and the Discussion (page unavailable) says retrospective reports may be biased by current affect and personality. The claim that this design precludes analysis of process-level changes is too absolute: the Method (Data Analyses; page unavailable) describes analyses of reported changes in psychological flexibility and a mediation model, though the study did not observe changes as they occurred. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent prospective studies indicate psychological flexibility is a key component in outcomes following psychedelic use.
“A few recent studies, including three prospective studies, have suggested that psychological flexibility is a key component in psychedelic-induced outcomes (Close et al., 2020; Davis et al., 2020; Zeifman et al., 2020).”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Davis et al., 2020
The Abstract reports that increases in psychological flexibility mediated the association between acute psychedelic experiences and reported decreases in depression and anxiety, supporting its suggested role in outcomes. But it explicitly calls this a cross-sectional survey study and recommends future prospective studies; this source is not one of the prospective studies described in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese therapies are proposed to work by stimulating psychological flexibility, reducing emotional avoidance, and increasing approach-oriented coping.
“It has been proposed that they exert their effects through the stimulation of psychological flexibility processes that decrease emotional avoidance and increase approach-oriented emotional coping (Davis et al., 2020; Kashdan et al., 2020; Zeifman et al., 2020)”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Davis et al., 2020
The Introduction proposes that psychedelic experiences may increase psychological flexibility and thereby help explain therapeutic effects. The Discussion links psychedelics to acceptance and committed behavior change, but our copy does not specifically say that the proposed pathway decreases emotional avoidance or increases approach-oriented emotional coping. No page numbers are available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMuch research has indicated an association between the characteristic psychedelic experience and a positive effect on the symptomatology of several psychiatric illnesses.
“Assessing the subjective effects of psychedelics is essential since much research has indicated an association between the characteristic psychedelic experience and a positive effect on the symptomatology of several psychiatric illnesses.”
From Assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience: A review of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics (2024) · cites this paper as Davis et al., 2020
The Introduction reports that studies found decreases in anxiety and depression symptoms and says beneficial effects appear associated with the intensity of acute experiences such as mystical phenomena and psychological insight. It does not establish that this association holds across several psychiatric illnesses beyond anxiety and depression. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo retrospective survey studies suggest that increased psychological flexibility might mediate the therapeutic effects of the quality of the psychedelic experience on depression and anxiety and of psychedelic therapy on alcohol consumption and posttraumatic stress symptoms.
“Two retrospective survey studies suggest that increased psychological flexibility might mediate the therapeutic effects of the quality of the psychedelic experience on depression and anxiety on the one hand [59] and of psychedelic therapy on alcohol consumption and posttraumatic stress symptoms on the other hand [60].”
From Psilocybin-assisted therapy for severe alcohol use disorder: protocol for a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 7-month parallel-group phase II superiority trial (2024) · cites this paper as [59]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Music and a supportive environment during PAP facilitate the process, increasing psychological and cognitive flexibility, which is the main mediator of psilocybin benefits in mood disorders.
“Music and a supportive environment during PAP facilitate this process, increasing psychological and cognitive flexibility, which is the main mediator of psilocybin benefits in mood disorders. 53”
From The revival of psilocybin between scientific excitement, evidence of efficacy, and real-world challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [53]
The Discussion and Conclusion identify psychological flexibility as a mediator of the relationship between acute psychedelic effects and decreases in depression and anxiety. They do not establish that music or a supportive environment increases flexibility, identify cognitive flexibility as a mediator, or show that psychological flexibility is the main mediator of psilocybin benefits in mood disorders. The Conclusion calls for controlled trials to establish causal effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpecific traits of the psychedelic experience, such as acceptance-related experiences, mystical experiences, or reappraisal of negative emotion, are relevant mediators of the therapeutic outcomes of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.
“Current research points toward specific traits of the psychedelic experience as relevant mediators of the therapeutic outcomes of PAP, such as acceptance-related experiences, the presence of mystical experiences, or the reappraisal of negative emotion (52–55).”
From Ayahuasca-assisted meaning reconstruction therapy for grief: a non-randomized clinical trial protocol (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
The Results (Path analysis; page unavailable) report that psychological flexibility mediated associations between mystical-type experiences and reported decreases in depression and anxiety. The paper does not establish acceptance-related experiences or reappraisal of negative emotion as mediators, and its evidence comes from a retrospective survey rather than a trial of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProspective surveys have found psychological flexibility to be negatively correlated with depression scores post psychedelic use.
“Other prospective surveys have found psychological flexibility (a set of processes which allow one to adapt to various demands, maintain balance across various domains and be open to and committed to behaviours congruent to their values) to be negatively correlated with depression scores post psychedelic use [58, 59].”
From The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [59]
The Results report that increases in psychological flexibility were associated with decreases in depression/anxiety after psychedelic use. However, the Discussion identifies this as a retrospective cross-sectional survey, not a prospective one, and the Method > Measures says the main analysis used a combined depression-and-anxiety score rather than depression scores alone. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychological flexibility can predict levels of psychological health problems such as depressive symptoms, anxiety, and sleep disturbance.
“previous studies that have shown PF can predict the levels of psychological health problems, such as depressive symptoms, anxiety as well as sleep disturbance”
From The Psychological Flexibility in Epilepsy Questionnaire (PFEQ): Psychometric properties of the Persian version (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
The Introduction links reduced psychological flexibility to depression and anxiety, and the Results (Supplementary analyses; page unavailable) discuss changes in those conditions following psychedelic experiences. The paper does not address sleep disturbance, and its findings about changes in depression and anxiety do not establish that psychological flexibility predicts levels of these problems generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychological flexibility is related to quality of life outcomes.
“PF is related to the quality of life outcomes [49–51]”
From The Psychological Flexibility in Epilepsy Questionnaire (PFEQ): Psychometric properties of the Persian version (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
The Introduction links psychological flexibility to well-being, and the Abstract reports that increases in flexibility mediated decreases in depression and anxiety. These are relevant to quality of life, but the study did not report a quality-of-life outcome; its measured outcomes were depression and anxiety symptoms. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe current study's results are in line with previous studies on psychological flexibility and psychological health and quality of life.
“In general, the results in the current study are in line with previous studies that have shown PF can predict the levels of psychological health problems, such as depressive symptoms, anxiety as well as sleep disturbance and PF is related to the quality of life outcomes [49–51]”
From The Psychological Flexibility in Epilepsy Questionnaire (PFEQ): Psychometric properties of the Persian version (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
The Introduction (page unavailable) links psychological flexibility with well-being and describes reduced flexibility as theorized to contribute to depression and anxiety. The Discussion (page unavailable) also reports research associating increased flexibility with better depression and anxiety outcomes. Our copy does not address sleep disturbance or establish a relationship with quality-of-life outcomes, so the full cited sentence is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA cross-sectional study found that increases in psychological flexibility statistically mediated the link between acute insight, mystical experience, and decreases in depression and anxiety.
“In a recent cross-sectional study, increases in psychological flexibility were found to statistically mediate the relation between acute insight, mystical experience, and decreases in depression and anxiety (Davis et al., 2020).”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Davis et al., 2020
High scores on the Revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire 30 (MEQ30) correlate with and have been suggested as a predictor of long-term positive therapeutic outcomes in various clinical and naturalistic studies of psychedelics.
“Most of this research has been carried out with the Revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire 30 (MEQ30), where a high score correlates with and has been suggested as a predictor of long-term positive therapeutic outcomes in various clinical and naturalistic studies of psychedelics.”
From Assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience: A review of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics (2024) · cites this paper as Davis et al., 2020
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Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., Finan, P. H., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 · Cited by 1,301 · see citing works
Self-citationBogenschutz, M. P., Ross, S., Bhatt, S., Baron, T., Forcehimes, A. A., Laska, E., Mennenga, S. E., O’Donnell, K., Owens, L. T., Podrebarac, S., et al. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
The subjective effects of psychedelics are necessary for their enduring therapeutic effects
Yaden, D. B., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00194 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Self-citationGukasyan, N., Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., Cosimano, M. P., Sepeda, N. D., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211073759 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Self-citationDoss, M. K., Považan, M., Rosenberg, M. D., Sepeda, N. D., Davis, A. K., Finan, P. H., Smith, G. S., Pekar, J. J., Barker, P. B., Griffiths, R. R., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01706-y · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychedelics reopen the social reward learning critical period
Nardou, R., Sawyer, E., Song, Y. J., Wilkinson, M., Padovan-Hernandez, Y., de Deus, J. L., Wright, N., Lama, C., Faltin, S., Goff, L. A., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06204-3 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity
Calder, A. E., & Hasler, G. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01389-z · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Psychedelics, mystical experience, and therapeutic efficacy: a systematic review
Ko, K., Knight, G., Rucker, J. J., & Cleare, A. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.917199 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Therapeutic alliance and rapport modulate responses to psilocybin assisted therapy for depression
Murphy, R., Kettner, H., Zeifman, R., Giribaldi, B., Kartner, L., Martell, J., Read, T., Murphy-Beiner, A., Baker-Jones, M., Nutt, D., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.788155 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms
Inserra, A., De Gregorio, D., & Gobbi, G. (2021) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Pharmacological, neural, and psychological mechanisms underlying psychedelics: A critical review
van Elk, M., & Yaden, D. B. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104793 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Aday, J. S., Davis, A. K., Mitzkovitz, C. M., Bloesch, E. K., & Davoli, C. C. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00014 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A State-of-the-art Review
Burback, L., Brémault‐Phillips, S., Nijdam, M. J., McFARLANE, A. C., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230428091433 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance
Wolff, M., Evens, R., Mertens, L. J., Koslowski, M., Betzler, F., Gründer, G., & Jungaberle, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00005 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., So, S., Gukasyan, N., Swift, T. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120967878 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationWatts, R., Kettner, H., Geerts, D., Gandy, S., Kärtner, L., Mertens, L. J., Timmermann, C., Nour, M. M., Kaelen, M., Nutt, D., et al. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06187-5 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Brouwer, A., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120959637 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Gukasyan, N., & Nayak, S. M. (2021) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461520983684 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Psychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ko, K., Kopra, E. I., Cleare, A. J., & Rucker, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.168 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Psychedelic harm reduction and integration: A transtheoretical model for clinical practice
Gorman, I., Nielson, E. M., Molinar, A., Cassidy, K., & Sabbagh, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Davis, A. K., Clifton, J. M., Weaver, E. G., Hurwitz, E. S., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120916143 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationPeill, J. M., Trinci, K. E., Kettner, H., Mertens, L. J., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Rosas, F. E., Lyons, T., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211066709 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Agin-Liebes, G., Haas, T. F., Lancelotta, R., Uthaug, M. V., Ramaekers, J. G., & Davis, A. K. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00018 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationTimmermann, C., Watts, R., & Dupuis, D. (2022) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615221082796 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Psychedelics and psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral approaches as default
Yaden, D. B., Earp, D., Graziosi, M., Friedman-Wheeler, D., Luoma, J. B., & Johnson, M. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873279 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Zeifman, R. J., Wagner, A. C., Watts, R., Kettner, H., Mertens, L. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00782 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Canalization and plasticity in psychopathology
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Chandaria, S., Erritzøe, D., Gazzaley, A. H., Girn, M., Kettner, H., Mediano, P. A. M., Nutt, D. J., Rosas, F. E., Roseman, L., et al. (2022) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109398 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Kangaslampi, S. (2023) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2023.00243 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Williams, M. T., Davis, A. K., Xin, Y., Sepeda, N. D., Grigas, P. C., Sinnott, S., & Haeny, A. M. (2021) · Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2020.1854688 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes Psychedelic Therapy Have a Transdiagnostic Action and Prophylactic Potential?
Kočárová, R., Horáček, J., & Carhart-Harris, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.661233 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Nayak, S. M., Jackson, H., Sepeda, N. D., Mathai, D. S., So, S., Yaffe, A., Zaki, H., Brasher, T. J., Lowe, M. X., Jolly, D. R. P., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199642 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationTai, S. J., Nielson, E. M., Lennard-Jones, M., Johanna Ajantaival, R.-L., Winzer, R., Richards, W. A., Reinholdt, F., Richards, B. D., Gasser, P., & Malievskaia, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.586682 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Psilocybin‐assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder
Agrawal, M., Richards, W., Beaussant, Y., Shnayder, S., Ameli, R., Roddy, K., Stevens, N., Richards, B., Schor, N., Honstein, H., et al. (2024) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Davis, A. K., Averill, L. A., Sepeda, N. D., Barsuglia, J. P., & Amoroso, T. (2020) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547020939564 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationCombining Psychedelic and Mindfulness Interventions: Synergies to Inform Clinical Practice
Payne, J. E., Chambers, R., & Liknaitzky, P. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00034 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Raison, C. L., Jain, R., Penn, A., Cole, S. P., & Jain, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.831092 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Levin, A. W., Lancelotta, R., Sepeda, N. D., Gukasyan, N., Nayak, S., Wagener, T. L., Barrett, F. S., Griffiths, R. R., & Davis, A. K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300501 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Antidepressant effects of a psychedelic experience in a large prospective naturalistic sample
Nygart, V. A., Pommerencke, L. M., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kettner, H., Kaelen, M., Mortensen, E. L., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzøe, D. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221101061 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Tulver, K., Kaup, K., Laukkonen, R., & Aru, J. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103494 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
An Integrated theory of false insights and beliefs under psychedelics
McGovern, H. T., Grimmer, H. J., Doss, M. K., Hutchinson, B. T., Timmermann, C., Lyon, A., Corlett, P. R., & Laukkonen, R. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00120-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Psychedelic therapy's transdiagnostic effects: A research domain criteria (RDoC) perspective
Kelly, J. R., Gillan, C. M., Prenderville, J., Kelly, C., Harkin, A., Clarke, G., & O'Keane, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.800072 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Davis, A. K., Xin, Y., Sepeda, N. D., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Williams, M. T. (2021) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470211035607 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationAncient Roots of Today’s Emerging Renaissance in Psychedelic Medicine
George, D. R., Hanson, R., Wilkinson, D., & Garcia‐Romeu, A. (2021) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-021-09749-y · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Uthaug, M. V., Davis, A. K., Haas, T. F., Davis, D. D., Dolan, S. B., Lancelotta, R., Timmermann, C., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2021) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211013583 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationA unified model of ketamine’s dissociative and psychedelic properties
Marguilho, M., Figueiredo, I., & Castro-Rodrigues, P. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221140011 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mans, K., Kettner, H., Erritzøe, D., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647909 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Zeifman, R. J., Wagner, A. C., Monson, C. M., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.105 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Toward Synergies of Ketamine and Psychotherapy
Mathai, D. S., Mora, V., & Garcia‐Romeu, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868103 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sloshower, J., Zeifman, R. J., Guss, J., Krause, R., Safi-Aghdam, H., Pathania, S., Pittman, B., & D’Souza, D. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58318-x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Sustained effects of single doses of classical psychedelics in humans
Knudsen, G. M. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01361-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wolff, M., Mertens, L. J., Walter, M., Enge, S., & Evens, R. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211073758 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kopra, E. I., Ferris, J., WINSTOCK, A. R., Kuypers, K. P. C., Young, A. H., & Rucker, J. (2023) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231158245 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
LSD use in the United States: Trends, correlates, and a typology of us
Killion, B., Hai, A. H., Alsolami, A., Vaughn, M. G., Oh, P. S., & Salas‐Wright, C. P. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108715 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Agin-Liebes, G., Zeifman, R., Luoma, J. B., Garland, E. L., Campbell, W. K., & Weiss, B. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221080165 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“A few recent studies, including three prospective studies, have suggested that psychological flexibility is a key component in psychedelic-induced outcomes (Close et al., 2020; Davis et al., 2020; Zeifman et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSkosnik, P. D., Sloshower, J., Safi-Aghdam, H., Pathania, S., Syed, S., Pittman, B., & D’Souza, D. C. (2023) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231179800 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Magaraggia, I., Kuiperes, Z., & Schreiber, R. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107467 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Psychedelic therapies reconsidered: compounds, clinical indications, and cautious optimism
Mitchell, J., & Anderson, B. T. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01656-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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Psychedelic unselfing: self-transcendence and change of values in psychedelic experiences
Kähönen, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1104627 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Stoliker, D., Novelli, L., Vollenweider, F. X., Egan, G. F., Preller, K. H., & Razi, A. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.002 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The costs and benefits of psychedelics on cognition and mood
Sayalı, C., & Barrett, F. S. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.12.031 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationBornemann, J., Close, J. B., Spriggs, M. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Roseman, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735427 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Effects of DMT on mental health outcomes in healthy volunteers
Timmermann, C., Zeifman, R. J., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53363-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Michael, P., Luke, D. P., & Robinson, O. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720717 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Eleftheriou, M. E., & Thomas, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.707057 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“These occurrences are usually extremely rare and profoundly personally meaningful, and often lead to longlasting transformations in psychology and behaviour (28, 74, 75).”
BackgroundWolff, M., Evens, R., Mertens, L. J., Schmidt, C., Beck, J. L., Rutrecht, H. M., Cherniak, A. D., Gründer, G., & Jungaberle, H. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241249698 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lake, S., & Lucas, P. (2024) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104507 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
N,N‐dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine
James, E., Keppler, J., Robertshaw, T. L., & Sessa, B. (2022) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2835 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Yang, X., Ebo, T. O., Wong, K., & Wang, X. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281269 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Safron, A., Klimaj, V., & Hipólito, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2021.688424 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Increased low-frequency brain responses to music after psilocybin therapy for depression
Wall, M. B., Lam, C., Ertl, N., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.081 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Healy, C. J., Lee, K. A., & D'Andrea, W. M. (2021) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470211029881 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for Substance Use Disorders and Potential Mechanisms of Action
Rieser, N. M., Herdener, M., & Preller, K. H. (2021) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_284 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hovmand, O. R., Poulsen, E. D., & Arnfred, S. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231200019 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This is true in the treatment of people with alcohol use disorder (Bogenschutz et al., 2015; Garcia-Romeu et al., 2019) and depression and anxiety (Davis et al., 2020; Griffiths et al., 2016; Roseman et al., 2018; Ross et al., 2016), as well as for success with smoking cessation (Garcia-Romeu et…”
BackgroundChing, T. H. W., Davis, A. K., Xin, Y., & Williams, M. T. (2022) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2025960 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Potential of Psychedelics for End of Life and Palliative Care
Yaden, D. B., Nayak, S. M., Gukasyan, N., Anderson, B. T., & Griffiths, R. R. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2021_278 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and therapeutic impact of adverse life event reexperiencing under ceremonial ayahuasca
Weiss, B., Wingert, A., Erritzoe, D., & Campbell, W. K. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36184-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bilişsel Esneklik ve Psikolojik Esneklik Kavramlarının Karşılaştırılması
Aslan, Ş., & Türk, F. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.917360 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Zeifman, R. J., Kettner, H., Pagni, B. A., Mallard, A. J., Roberts, D. E., Erritzøe, D., Ross, S., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40856-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ayahuasca and tobacco smoking cessation: results from an online survey in Brazil
Daldegan‐Bueno, D., Maia, L. O., Massarentti, C. M., & Tófoli, L. F. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06063-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for People with Eating Disorders
Gukasyan, N., Schreyer, C. C., Griffiths, R. R., & Guarda, Á. S. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01394-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationWhitfield, H. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.727572 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Psilocybin occasioned mystical‐type experiences
James, E., Robertshaw, T., Hoskins, M., & Sessa, B. (2020) · Human psychopharmacology · doi:10.1002/hup.2742 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Beating pain with psychedelics: Matter over mind?
Elman, I., Pustilnik, A. C., & Borsook, D. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A role for the serotonin 2A receptor in the expansion and functioning of human transmodal cortex
Luppi, A. I., Girn, M., Rosas, F. E., Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D., Stamatakis, E. A., Spreng, R. N., Xing, L., et al. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awad311 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Psychedelics in Treating Anxiety Disorders
Feulner, L., Sermchaiwong, T., Rodland, N., & Galarneau, D. W. (2023) · Ochsner Journal · doi:10.31486/toj.23.0076 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Strategies for resolving challenging psychedelic experiences: insights from a mixed-methods study
Wood, M. J., McAlpine, R. G., & Kamboj, S. K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79931-w · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Buchborn, T., Kettner, H., Kärtner, L., & Meinhardt, M. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1232459 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Virtual Reality as a Moderator of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy
Sekula, A. D., Downey, L. A., & Puspanathan, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813746 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bernal, A. M. O., Raison, C. L., Lancelotta, R., & Davis, A. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1049643 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationNikolaidis, A., Lancelotta, R., Gukasyan, N., Griffiths, R. R., Barrett, F. S., & Davis, A. K. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.042 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychedelic innovations and the crisis of psychopharmacology
Langlitz, N. (2022) · BioSocieties · doi:10.1057/s41292-022-00294-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Stocker, K., Hartmann, M., Ley, L., Becker, A., Holze, F., & Liechti, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231199112 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Psychedelics for the Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Efficacy and Proposed Mechanisms
Collins, H. M. (2024) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyae057 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Insights on psychedelics: A systematic review of therapeutic effects
Kugel, J., Laukkonen, R., Yaden, D. B., Yücel, M., & Liknaitzky, P. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106117 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Psilocybin-enhanced fear extinction linked to bidirectional modulation of cortical ensembles
Rogers, S. A., Heller, E. A., & Corder, G. F. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01964-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-Compassion, Anxiety and Depression Symptoms; the Mediation of Shame and Guilt
Shamsabadi, P. E., & Dehshiri, G. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241227525 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Predictors and potentiators of psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences
Gandy, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2022.00198 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Greń, J., Tylš, F., Lasocik, M., & Kiraly, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1054692 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., & Griffiths, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Alan K.
- Venue
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 15
- Pages
- 39-45
- ISSN
- 2212-1447 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7451132
- OpenAlex
- W2987203272
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 19
- FWCI
- 33.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- psychological flexibility, psychedelics, depression, anxiety, mystical experience, insight, mediating effect, psychedelic therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy
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