The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 3 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals
Open accessAbstract
Understanding how to modulate appetite in humans is key to developing successful weight loss interventions. Here, we showed that postprandial glucose dips 2-3 h after a meal are a better predictor of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake than peak glucose at 0-2 h and glucose incremental area under the blood glucose curve at 0-2 h. We explore the links among postprandial glucose, appetite and subsequent energy intake in 1,070 participants from a UK exploratory and US validation cohort, who consumed 8,624 standardized meals followed by 71,715 ad libitum meals, using continuous glucose monitors to record postprandial glycaemia. For participants eating each of the standardized meals, the average postprandial glucose dip at 2-3 h relative to baseline level predicted an increase in hunger at 2-3 h (r = 0.16, P < 0.001), shorter time until next meal (r = -0.14, P < 0.001), greater energy intake at 3-4 h (r = 0.19, P < 0.001) and greater energy intake at 24 h (r = 0.27, P < 0.001). Results were directionally consistent in the US validation cohort. These data provide a quantitative assessment of the relevance of postprandial glycaemia in appetite and energy intake modulation.
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Claims the paper makes
29 Own result · 13 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Our analysis may partly explain why observational epidemiological ((27)(28)) studies have shown strong correlations between foods with high glycemic loads (such as potatoes and sugar sweetened beverages (29)) and weight gain – as consumption of such foods could lead to glucose dips and subsequent hunger.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Bao, J., Atkinson, F., Petocz, P., Willett, W. C. & Brand-Miller, J. C. Prediction of postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in lean, young, healthy adults: glycemic load compared with carbohydrate content alone. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93, 984–996 (2011). source
- Could not verifycites [28] Pek, J., Wong, O. & Wong, A. C. M. How to address non-normality: a taxonomy of approaches, reviewed, and illustrated. Front. Psychol. 9, 2104 (2018). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Example 3: Income and Occupational Prestige examines statistical methods using occupational income data, not diet or weight gain. Searches for glucose dips and for glycemic load, weight gain, and epidemiological studies found no passage addressing the claimed association or proposed hunger mechanism. The cited paper therefore cannot verify this claim on the available text. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Partly supportedcites [29] Berry, S. et al. Personalised REsponses to DIetary Composition Trial (PREDICT): an intervention study to determine inter-individual differences in postprandial response to foods. Preprint at Protocol Exchange https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.20798/v1 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) links postprandial glucose dysregulation with obesity, supporting a broad connection between glucose responses and weight. The Outcomes section describes measuring responses to test meals, but our copy does not report strong observational correlations between high-glycemic-load foods and weight gain or show that glucose dips lead to hunger. (LLM, conf=0.74)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“postprandial glucose dips 2-3h after a meal are a better predictor of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake than peak glucose 0-2h and glucose iAUC 0-2h”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 1,070 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found these effects to be consistent for the same individual consuming the same meal on two occasions - the meals with larger Glucose Dips2-3h have larger subjectively declared hunger, and greater energy intake afterwards.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The associations between the Glucose Dips2-3h and the postprandial measures were strongest with the OGTT set meal (which also preceded the largest dips).”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater energy intake 3-4h (r=0.19 P=<0.001)”
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
“Energy intake3-4h (r=0.19 P=<0.001; US: r=0.24 P=0.032)”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 763 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association with change in Alertness2-3h (r=-0.04 P=0.313; US: r=0.02 P=0.875) was not significant.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plainn = 763- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a -24 minutes (95% CI 15,33) shorter time until the next meal”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a -2% (95% CI 1,5) decrease in Alertness level2-3h”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For participants eating each of the standardised meals, the average postprandial glucose dip 2-3h relative to baseline level predicts an increase in hunger 2-3h (r=0.16 P=<0.001)”
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
“The Glucose Dip2-3h was statistically significantly associated with a change in Hunger2-3h (r=0.16 P=<0.001; US: r=0.12 P=0.315)”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 763 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants with the largest average Glucose Dip2-3h (Q4) also had on average a +9%; (95% CI 5,13) increase in reported Hunger2-3h”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“shorter time until next meal (r=-0.14 P=<0.001)”
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
“Time until next meal (r=-0.14 P=<0.001; US: r=-0.16 P=0.160)”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 763 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Glucose Dip2-3h was as predictive of postprandial responses as the participant’s self-reported hunger.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“It is notable that the Glucose Dip2-3h was as good a predictor of subsequent energy intake as the participants’ self-reported Hunger2-3h.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelationaln = 763 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between two repeats of the same meal for the same individual, there was a (r=0.76 p=<0.001) association between the meal baseline values.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Meal Baseline calculations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a +312 kcal (95% CI 226,398) higher overall Energy intake24h”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose Rise0-2h (r=0.73 P=<0.001; US: r=0.64 P=<0.001)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Glucose Rise0-2h (ICC(2,1)=0.81; 95% CI [0.78, 0.83]; US: ICC(2,1)=0.78; 95% CI [0.69, 0.85])”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose Dip2-3h (r=0.58 P=<0.001; US: r=0.57 P=<0.001)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Glucose Dip2-3h (ICC(2,1)=0.62; 95% CI [0.59, 0.66]; US: ICC(2,1)=0.68; 95% CI [0.56, 0.78])”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our data show for the first time in a large-scale controlled study of healthy individuals representative of the general population that postprandial glucose dips are common”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The study population is representative of the general population.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater energy intake 24h (r=0.27 P<=0.001)”
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
“Energy intake24h (r=0.27 P=<0.001; US: r=0.21 P=0.065)”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 763 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After adjusting for these factors, the postprandial measures (except Change in alertness2-3hr) remained significantly correlated with the Glucose Dips2-3h”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a +75 kcal (95% CI 47,103) higher Energy intake3-4h”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the correlations in the smaller US validation cohort were significant.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3h in identical meals consumed by the same person
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“postprandial glucose dips are common and lead to increased hunger and energy consumption in real world conditions.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The study population is representative of the general population.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the fasting protocols.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The associations demonstrated in our studies are a realistic reflection of how appetite control operates under real world conditions, allowing variation in contextual variables such as exercise, sleep, or meal sequence.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that associations between Glucose Dips2-3h and postprandial measures still exist between repeated meals for the same individual shows that this relationship is not fully driven by differences between individuals.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3h in identical meals consumed by the same person
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data confirm that in the realworld blood glucose dips are a physiological mediator of this dietary risk factor, although much of the variance remains to be accounted for.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The role of glucose in appetite expression is not resolved and has not been investigated in free-living conditions.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results aredirectionally consistent in the US validation cohort.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“These results were directionally consistent with those in the US validation cohort, although not all results were significant in this smaller cohort.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association with change in Hunger2-3hr (r=0.04 P=0.232) and change in Alertness2-3hr (r=-0.06 P=0.076) was directional, but not significant.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3h in identical meals consumed by the same person
plaincorrelationaln = 1,053- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even when holding constant both the food and the individual, Glucose Dips2-3h were modestly but significantly correlated with time until next meal (r=-0.06 P=<0.001), Energy intake3-4h (r=0.08 P=<0.001), and Energy intake24h (r=0.06 P=<0.001).”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3h in identical meals consumed by the same person
plaincorrelationaln = 1,053 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose Dips2-3h were associated with lower fasting levels of Insulin and C-Peptide, as measured in clinic; Plasma Glucose (r=-0.05 P=0.186; US: r=-0.12 P=0.321), Insulin (r=-0.10 P=0.008; US: r=0.02 P=0.883), C-Peptide (r=-0.14 P=<0.001; US: r=-0.11 P=0.357).”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose dips2-3h were associated with the Glucose Rise0-2 h, but not with Glucose iAUC0-2 ; Glucose iAUC0-2h (r=0.05 P=0.166; US: r=-0.15 P=0.189), Glucose Rise0-2h (r=0.12 P=0.003; US: r=0.07 P=0.557)”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We report that the key postprandial glycemic measure linked to hunger and subsequent food intake is the Glucose Dip2-3h, not the Glucose Rise0-2h nor the glucose iAUC0-2h.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that the degree of association (correlation values) between glucose dips and appetite variables is relatively small, and therefore contributes only partly to postprandial satiety.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association with change in Hunger2-3hr (r=0.04 P=0.232) and change in Alertness2-3hr (r=-0.06 P=0.076) was directional, but not significant.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3h in identical meals consumed by the same person
plaincorrelationaln = 1,053- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose Dips2-3h had modest and non-significant correlations with individual characteristics, such as age, weight and BMI - except for sex, where males (P=0.005) had slightly larger dips.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourthly, whilst we were able to study energy intake immediately after a meal and total energy intake over 24 hours, we were not able to monitor if participants compensated for short term changes in energy intake over a period of weeks or months.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These adjustments did not affect the significance of the results.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > QC of the app data: Inclusion criteria for meals
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, for the ad libitum meals the meal content is self-reported.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only test meals that were completed according to instructions were included in analyses.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Zoe study app and dietary assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number: NCT03479866)”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Study Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there was limited ethnic diversity in our study population (97% white).”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Firstly, given the scale, it was not practical to measure appetite hormones for any of the participants nor measure insulin sensitivity directly with a euglycemic clamp, nor to record insulin dynamics for the at home meals.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have not fully explored all the possible causes of Glucose Dips in this study; but the findings suggest that both individual characteristics and dietary factors are likely important.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Linear regressions were adjusted for age, sex, BMI and weight.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Meal Baseline calculations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By taking a more stable baseline, we were able to improve the repeatability of the glycemic responses that were studied, and observe stronger associations between the Glucose Dip2-3h and the postprandial measures.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Meal Baseline calculations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirdly, we relied on the self-reported compliance of the participants with the fasting protocols - 109 meals were excluded from participants that ate before the end of the specified fasting period.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the fasting protocols.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The necessary correlation effect size needed to achieve 80% power with p<0.01 for this sample size is r= 0.124. For the correlations for (ii) to achieve 80% power at the same alpha level the Pearson’s coefficient needs to be r=0.061 or higher.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Meal Baseline calculations
plaincorrelationaln = 763- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we have not included some potential confounders in the models, including sleep and physical activity.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This choice of baseline does not affect the direction or significance of the main results of this study.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Meal Baseline calculations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The role of glucose in appetite expression is not resolved and has not been investigated in free-living conditions.
“To date, the role of glucose in appetite expression is not resolved and has not been investigated in free-living conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study population is representative of the general population.
“healthy individuals representative of the general population”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants complied with the fasting protocols.
“we relied on the self-reported compliance of the participants with the fasting protocols”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Second meal behavior (hunger, timing, and energy intake) is significantly associated with 2-3 h glucose dip (19), whereby greater dips in blood glucose predicts higher hunger, shorter time until next meal, and greater energy intake in the next meal.”
From Prebiotic soda lowers postprandial glucose compared to traditional soda pop: a randomized controlled trial (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Furthermore, spontaneous transient declines in blood glucose predict hunger, meal initiation or requests, and energy intake (82–84).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [84]
Citations
Cites
Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., Mullany, E. C., Biryukov, S., Abbafati, C., Abera, S. F., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60460-8 · Cited by 11,952
Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men
Mozaffarian, D., Hao, T., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1014296 · Cited by 2,527 · cited 1×
“Our analysis may partly explain why observational epidemiological ((27)(28)) studies have shown strong correlations between foods with high glycemic loads (such as potatoes and sugar sweetened beverages (29)) and weight gain – as consumption of such foods could lead to glucose dips and subsequent hunger.”
ResultFlint, A., Raben, A., Blundell, J., & Astrup, A. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801083 · Cited by 2,238
Self-citationTe Morenga, L., Mallard, S., & Mann, J. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e7492 · Cited by 1,629 · cited 1×
“Our analysis may partly explain why observational epidemiological ((27)(28)) studies have shown strong correlations between foods with high glycemic loads (such as potatoes and sugar sweetened beverages (29)) and weight gain – as consumption of such foods could lead to glucose dips and subsequent hunger.”
ResultHuman postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition
Berry, S. E., Valdes, A. M., Drew, D. A., Asnicar, F., Mazidi, M., Wolf, J., Capdevila, J., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Davies, R., Al Khatib, H., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0934-0 · Cited by 932 · cited 2×
“Analyses of most primary outcomes have been described in (18).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNeurobiology of food intake in health and disease
Morton, G. J., Meek, T. H., & Schwartz, M. W. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3745 · Cited by 748 · cited 2×
“It has been argued that inadequate delivery of glucose to the brain (‘neuroglucopenia’ or ‘glucoprivation’) activates neurocircuits that drive feeding along with wide-ranging neuroendocrine and autonomic responses(24).”
BackgroundHigh glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity
Ludwig, D. S., Majzoub, J. A., Al-Zahrani, A., Dallal, G. E., Blanco, I., & Roberts, S. B. (1999) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.103.3.e26 · Cited by 699 · cited 1×
“Investigation of glucose-insulin dynamics in some human studies (13,14) suggests that lower glycemic loads and lower glycemic responses can result in lower postprandial appetite and energy intake, particularly in select overweight populations(15).”
BackgroundGlucostatic Mechanism of Regulation of Food Intake
Mayer, J. (1953) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm195307022490104 · Cited by 682 · cited 2×
“The notion that blood glucose is involved in appetite was described by Mayer in the ‘glucostatic hypothesis’(16).”
BackgroundInsulin Action in Brain Regulates Systemic Metabolism and Brain Function
Kleinridders, A., Ferris, H. A., Cai, W., & Kahn, C. R. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0568 · Cited by 625 · cited 1×
“In parallel, insulin and leptin act to decrease food intake through appetite suppression and changes in energy homeostasis(12).”
BackgroundCentral Control of Body Weight and Appetite
Woods, S. C., & D’Alessio, D. A. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1630 · Cited by 477 · cited 1×
“This concept - that a decline in blood glucose influenced appetite - was subjected to intense study (20)(21,22) but has lost support from front line researchers, partly because of a lack of evidence of any suppression of eating by high glucose availability (23).”
Background
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out
Hall, K. D., Farooqi, I. S., Friedman, J. M., Klein, S., Loos, R. J., Mangelsdorf, D. J., O’Rahilly, S., Ravussin, E., Redman, L. M., Ryan, D. H., et al. (2022) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac031 · Cited by 315
The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic
Ludwig, D. S., Aronne, L. J., Astrup, A., de Cabo, R., Cantley, L. C., Friedman, M. I., Heymsfield, S. B., Johnson, J. D., King, J. C., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab270 · Cited by 292
The Potential Health Benefits of the Ketogenic Diet: A Narrative Review
Dowis, K., & Banga, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051654 · Cited by 253
“This outcome might also be supported by a recent finding that postprandial glycemic dips were the best predictor of appetite and energy intake following a meal and large glycemic dips are usually associated with high carbohydrate consumption [74].”
ResultPiperni, E., Nguyen, L. H., Manghi, P., Kim, H., Pasolli, E., Andreu‐Sánchez, S., Arrè, A., Bermingham, K. M., Blanco‐Míguez, A., Manara, S., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.018 · Cited by 108
“To expand on our prior findings linking gut microbial composition to fasting and postprandial responses, 7,18,19 we tested a set of biomarkers previously reported to be representative of host health status, 7 and, to limit the effect of potentially extreme values in diseased participants, we…”
Self-citationCGMap: Characterizing continuous glucose monitor data in thousands of non-diabetic individuals
Keshet, A., Shilo, S., Godneva, A., Talmor‐Barkan, Y., Aviv, Y., Segal, E., & Rossman, H. (2023) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.002 · Cited by 105
Metadata
- Authors
- Wyatt, P., Berry, S. E., Finlayson, G., O’Driscoll, R., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Drew, D. A., Khatib, H. A., Nguyen, L. H., Linenberg, I., Chan, A. T., Spector, T. D., Franks, P. W., Wolf, J., Blundell, J., & Valdes, A. M.
- Affiliations
- ZOE (United Kingdom) (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Valdes, Ana M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Metabolism
- Published
- 2021-04-12
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 523-529
- ISSN
- 2522-5812 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7610681
- OpenAlex
- W3154586049
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-07-13)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Zoe Global Ltd
- Wellcome Trust
- DH | National Institute for Health Research (GSTT BRC, Nottingham BRC)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- postprandial blood glucose, appetite, hunger, energy intake, continuous glucose monitoring, ad libitum meal, weight loss interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Appetite, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Diet, Female, Humans, Hunger, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Satiation, Cohort Studies, Postprandial Period, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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