The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 3 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals
Open accessAbstract
Understanding how to modulate appetite in humans is key to developing successful weight loss interventions. Here, we showed that postprandial glucose dips 2-3 h after a meal are a better predictor of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake than peak glucose at 0-2 h and glucose incremental area under the blood glucose curve at 0-2 h. We explore the links among postprandial glucose, appetite and subsequent energy intake in 1,070 participants from a UK exploratory and US validation cohort, who consumed 8,624 standardized meals followed by 71,715 ad libitum meals, using continuous glucose monitors to record postprandial glycaemia. For participants eating each of the standardized meals, the average postprandial glucose dip at 2-3 h relative to baseline level predicted an increase in hunger at 2-3 h (r = 0.16, P < 0.001), shorter time until next meal (r = -0.14, P < 0.001), greater energy intake at 3-4 h (r = 0.19, P < 0.001) and greater energy intake at 24 h (r = 0.27, P < 0.001). Results were directionally consistent in the US validation cohort. These data provide a quantitative assessment of the relevance of postprandial glycaemia in appetite and energy intake modulation.
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Claims the paper makes
29 Own result · 13 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Our analysis may partly explain why observational epidemiological ((27)(28)) studies have shown strong correlations between foods with high glycemic loads (such as potatoes and sugar sweetened beverages (29)) and weight gain – as consumption of such foods could lead to glucose dips and subsequent hunger.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Bao, J., Atkinson, F., Petocz, P., Willett, W. C. & Brand-Miller, J. C. Prediction of postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in lean, young, healthy adults: glycemic load compared with carbohydrate content alone. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93, 984–996 (2011). source
- Could not verifycites [28] Pek, J., Wong, O. & Wong, A. C. M. How to address non-normality: a taxonomy of approaches, reviewed, and illustrated. Front. Psychol. 9, 2104 (2018). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Example 3: Income and Occupational Prestige examines statistical methods using occupational income data, not diet or weight gain. Searches for glucose dips and for glycemic load, weight gain, and epidemiological studies found no passage addressing the claimed association or proposed hunger mechanism. The cited paper therefore cannot verify this claim on the available text. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Partly supportedcites [29] Berry, S. et al. Personalised REsponses to DIetary Composition Trial (PREDICT): an intervention study to determine inter-individual differences in postprandial response to foods. Preprint at Protocol Exchange https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.20798/v1 (2020). sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) links postprandial glucose dysregulation with obesity, supporting a broad connection between glucose responses and weight. The Outcomes section describes measuring responses to test meals, but our copy does not report strong observational correlations between high-glycemic-load foods and weight gain or show that glucose dips lead to hunger. (LLM, conf=0.74)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“postprandial glucose dips 2-3h after a meal are a better predictor of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake than peak glucose 0-2h and glucose iAUC 0-2h”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 1,070 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found these effects to be consistent for the same individual consuming the same meal on two occasions - the meals with larger Glucose Dips2-3h have larger subjectively declared hunger, and greater energy intake afterwards.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The associations between the Glucose Dips2-3h and the postprandial measures were strongest with the OGTT set meal (which also preceded the largest dips).”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater energy intake 3-4h (r=0.19 P=<0.001)”
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
“Energy intake3-4h (r=0.19 P=<0.001; US: r=0.24 P=0.032)”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 763 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association with change in Alertness2-3h (r=-0.04 P=0.313; US: r=0.02 P=0.875) was not significant.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plainn = 763- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a -24 minutes (95% CI 15,33) shorter time until the next meal”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a -2% (95% CI 1,5) decrease in Alertness level2-3h”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For participants eating each of the standardised meals, the average postprandial glucose dip 2-3h relative to baseline level predicts an increase in hunger 2-3h (r=0.16 P=<0.001)”
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
“The Glucose Dip2-3h was statistically significantly associated with a change in Hunger2-3h (r=0.16 P=<0.001; US: r=0.12 P=0.315)”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 763 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants with the largest average Glucose Dip2-3h (Q4) also had on average a +9%; (95% CI 5,13) increase in reported Hunger2-3h”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results aredirectionally consistent in the US validation cohort.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“These results were directionally consistent with those in the US validation cohort, although not all results were significant in this smaller cohort.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association with change in Hunger2-3hr (r=0.04 P=0.232) and change in Alertness2-3hr (r=-0.06 P=0.076) was directional, but not significant.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3h in identical meals consumed by the same person
plaincorrelationaln = 1,053- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even when holding constant both the food and the individual, Glucose Dips2-3h were modestly but significantly correlated with time until next meal (r=-0.06 P=<0.001), Energy intake3-4h (r=0.08 P=<0.001), and Energy intake24h (r=0.06 P=<0.001).”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3h in identical meals consumed by the same person
plaincorrelationaln = 1,053 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose Dips2-3h were associated with lower fasting levels of Insulin and C-Peptide, as measured in clinic; Plasma Glucose (r=-0.05 P=0.186; US: r=-0.12 P=0.321), Insulin (r=-0.10 P=0.008; US: r=0.02 P=0.883), C-Peptide (r=-0.14 P=<0.001; US: r=-0.11 P=0.357).”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose dips2-3h were associated with the Glucose Rise0-2 h, but not with Glucose iAUC0-2 ; Glucose iAUC0-2h (r=0.05 P=0.166; US: r=-0.15 P=0.189), Glucose Rise0-2h (r=0.12 P=0.003; US: r=0.07 P=0.557)”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We report that the key postprandial glycemic measure linked to hunger and subsequent food intake is the Glucose Dip2-3h, not the Glucose Rise0-2h nor the glucose iAUC0-2h.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that the degree of association (correlation values) between glucose dips and appetite variables is relatively small, and therefore contributes only partly to postprandial satiety.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association with change in Hunger2-3hr (r=0.04 P=0.232) and change in Alertness2-3hr (r=-0.06 P=0.076) was directional, but not significant.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3h in identical meals consumed by the same person
plaincorrelationaln = 1,053- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glucose Dips2-3h had modest and non-significant correlations with individual characteristics, such as age, weight and BMI - except for sex, where males (P=0.005) had slightly larger dips.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Results > Glucose Dips2-3hpredict subsequent hunger and calorie intake
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourthly, whilst we were able to study energy intake immediately after a meal and total energy intake over 24 hours, we were not able to monitor if participants compensated for short term changes in energy intake over a period of weeks or months.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These adjustments did not affect the significance of the results.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > QC of the app data: Inclusion criteria for meals
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, for the ad libitum meals the meal content is self-reported.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only test meals that were completed according to instructions were included in analyses.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Zoe study app and dietary assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number: NCT03479866)”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Study Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there was limited ethnic diversity in our study population (97% white).”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Firstly, given the scale, it was not practical to measure appetite hormones for any of the participants nor measure insulin sensitivity directly with a euglycemic clamp, nor to record insulin dynamics for the at home meals.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have not fully explored all the possible causes of Glucose Dips in this study; but the findings suggest that both individual characteristics and dietary factors are likely important.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Linear regressions were adjusted for age, sex, BMI and weight.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Meal Baseline calculations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By taking a more stable baseline, we were able to improve the repeatability of the glycemic responses that were studied, and observe stronger associations between the Glucose Dip2-3h and the postprandial measures.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Meal Baseline calculations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirdly, we relied on the self-reported compliance of the participants with the fasting protocols - 109 meals were excluded from participants that ate before the end of the specified fasting period.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the fasting protocols.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The necessary correlation effect size needed to achieve 80% power with p<0.01 for this sample size is r= 0.124. For the correlations for (ii) to achieve 80% power at the same alpha level the Pearson’s coefficient needs to be r=0.061 or higher.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Meal Baseline calculations
plaincorrelationaln = 763- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we have not included some potential confounders in the models, including sleep and physical activity.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This choice of baseline does not affect the direction or significance of the main results of this study.”
§ Postprandial glycaemic dips predict appetite and energy intake in healthy individuals > Methods > Meal Baseline calculations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The role of glucose in appetite expression is not resolved and has not been investigated in free-living conditions.
“To date, the role of glucose in appetite expression is not resolved and has not been investigated in free-living conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study population is representative of the general population.
“healthy individuals representative of the general population”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants complied with the fasting protocols.
“we relied on the self-reported compliance of the participants with the fasting protocols”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Second meal behavior (hunger, timing, and energy intake) is significantly associated with 2-3 h glucose dip (19), whereby greater dips in blood glucose predicts higher hunger, shorter time until next meal, and greater energy intake in the next meal.”
From Prebiotic soda lowers postprandial glucose compared to traditional soda pop: a randomized controlled trial (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Furthermore, spontaneous transient declines in blood glucose predict hunger, meal initiation or requests, and energy intake (82–84).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [84]
Citations
Cites
Ng, M., Fleming, T., Robinson, M., Thomson, B., Graetz, N., Margono, C., Mullany, E. C., Biryukov, S., Abbafati, C., Abera, S. F., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60460-8 · Cited by 11,952
Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men
Mozaffarian, D., Hao, T., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1014296 · Cited by 2,527 · cited 1×
“Our analysis may partly explain why observational epidemiological ((27)(28)) studies have shown strong correlations between foods with high glycemic loads (such as potatoes and sugar sweetened beverages (29)) and weight gain – as consumption of such foods could lead to glucose dips and subsequent hunger.”
ResultFlint, A., Raben, A., Blundell, J., & Astrup, A. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801083 · Cited by 2,238
Self-citationTe Morenga, L., Mallard, S., & Mann, J. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e7492 · Cited by 1,629 · cited 1×
“Our analysis may partly explain why observational epidemiological ((27)(28)) studies have shown strong correlations between foods with high glycemic loads (such as potatoes and sugar sweetened beverages (29)) and weight gain – as consumption of such foods could lead to glucose dips and subsequent hunger.”
ResultHuman postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition
Berry, S. E., Valdes, A. M., Drew, D. A., Asnicar, F., Mazidi, M., Wolf, J., Capdevila, J., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Davies, R., Al Khatib, H., et al. (2020) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0934-0 · Cited by 932 · cited 2×
“Analyses of most primary outcomes have been described in (18).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNeurobiology of food intake in health and disease
Morton, G. J., Meek, T. H., & Schwartz, M. W. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3745 · Cited by 748 · cited 2×
“It has been argued that inadequate delivery of glucose to the brain (‘neuroglucopenia’ or ‘glucoprivation’) activates neurocircuits that drive feeding along with wide-ranging neuroendocrine and autonomic responses(24).”
BackgroundHigh glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity
Ludwig, D. S., Majzoub, J. A., Al-Zahrani, A., Dallal, G. E., Blanco, I., & Roberts, S. B. (1999) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.103.3.e26 · Cited by 699 · cited 1×
“Investigation of glucose-insulin dynamics in some human studies (13,14) suggests that lower glycemic loads and lower glycemic responses can result in lower postprandial appetite and energy intake, particularly in select overweight populations(15).”
BackgroundGlucostatic Mechanism of Regulation of Food Intake
Mayer, J. (1953) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm195307022490104 · Cited by 682 · cited 2×
“The notion that blood glucose is involved in appetite was described by Mayer in the ‘glucostatic hypothesis’(16).”
BackgroundInsulin Action in Brain Regulates Systemic Metabolism and Brain Function
Kleinridders, A., Ferris, H. A., Cai, W., & Kahn, C. R. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0568 · Cited by 625 · cited 1×
“In parallel, insulin and leptin act to decrease food intake through appetite suppression and changes in energy homeostasis(12).”
BackgroundCentral Control of Body Weight and Appetite
Woods, S. C., & D’Alessio, D. A. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1630 · Cited by 477 · cited 1×
“This concept - that a decline in blood glucose influenced appetite - was subjected to intense study (20)(21,22) but has lost support from front line researchers, partly because of a lack of evidence of any suppression of eating by high glucose availability (23).”
Background
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Sorted by citations
The energy balance model of obesity: beyond calories in, calories out
Hall, K. D., Farooqi, I. S., Friedman, J. M., Klein, S., Loos, R. J., Mangelsdorf, D. J., O’Rahilly, S., Ravussin, E., Redman, L. M., Ryan, D. H., et al. (2022) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac031 · Cited by 315
The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic
Ludwig, D. S., Aronne, L. J., Astrup, A., de Cabo, R., Cantley, L. C., Friedman, M. I., Heymsfield, S. B., Johnson, J. D., King, J. C., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab270 · Cited by 292
The Potential Health Benefits of the Ketogenic Diet: A Narrative Review
Dowis, K., & Banga, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051654 · Cited by 253
“This outcome might also be supported by a recent finding that postprandial glycemic dips were the best predictor of appetite and energy intake following a meal and large glycemic dips are usually associated with high carbohydrate consumption [74].”
ResultPiperni, E., Nguyen, L. H., Manghi, P., Kim, H., Pasolli, E., Andreu‐Sánchez, S., Arrè, A., Bermingham, K. M., Blanco‐Míguez, A., Manara, S., et al. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.06.018 · Cited by 108
“To expand on our prior findings linking gut microbial composition to fasting and postprandial responses, 7,18,19 we tested a set of biomarkers previously reported to be representative of host health status, 7 and, to limit the effect of potentially extreme values in diseased participants, we…”
Self-citationCGMap: Characterizing continuous glucose monitor data in thousands of non-diabetic individuals
Keshet, A., Shilo, S., Godneva, A., Talmor‐Barkan, Y., Aviv, Y., Segal, E., & Rossman, H. (2023) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.002 · Cited by 105
Jarvis, P. R. E., Cardin, J. L., Nisevich-Bede, P. M., & McCarter, J. P. (2023) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155640 · Cited by 86
Korompokis, K., Verbeke, K., & Delcour, J. A. (2021) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12847 · Cited by 65
The role of ultra-processed food in obesity
Juul, F., Steele, E. M., Parekh, N., & Monteiro, C. A. (2025) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01143-7 · Cited by 71
“Rapid absorption of acellular carbohydrates might lead to increased hunger and food intake by triggering an exaggerated post-prandial glucose and insulin response, followed by reductions in circulating levels of glucose 81 .”
Precision nutrition in diabetes: when population-based dietary advice gets personal
Merino, J. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05721-6 · Cited by 53
“There is early evidence that reducing blood glucose dips is associated with lower energy intake [59], suggesting that the promotion of nutrients, foods and meals that mitigate glycaemic dips, rather than glycaemic peaks, could be relevant for counterbalancing increased energy intake and achieving long-term body weight…”
BackgroundWearable and digital devices to monitor and treat metabolic diseases
Keshet, A., Reicher, L., Bar, N., & Segal, E. (2023) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-023-00778-y · Cited by 53
Bajka, B. H., Pinto, A. M., Pérez‐Moral, N., Saha, S., Ryden, P., Ahn‐Jarvis, J. H., van der Schoot, A., Bland, C., Berry, S. E., Ellis, P. R., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.12.008 · Cited by 52
Self-citationEarly-onset colorectal cancer as an emerging disease of metabolic dysregulation
Du, M., Drew, D. A., Goncalves, M. D., Cao, Y., & Chan, A. T. (2025) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01159-z · Cited by 51
Self-citationFrom dearth to excess: the rise of obesity in an ultra-processed food system
Hall, K. D. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2022.0214 · Cited by 56
Merino, J., Linenberg, I., Bermingham, K. M., Ganesh, S., Bakker, E., Delahanty, L. M., Chan, A. T., Capdevila Pujol, J., Wolf, J., Al Khatib, H., et al. (2022) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac026 · Cited by 46
“Features including peak concentration, nadirs “below baseline,” time in range (TIR), and GV have been associated with pathophysiological conditions such as oxidative stress and inflammation (12–14) and physiological changes including hunger and energy intake (15).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGriffin, S. J. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05782-7 · Cited by 46
“In addition, the PREDICT study has quantified the association between postprandial dips in glucose and hunger and subsequent energy intake [17].”
BackgroundNew insights in the mechanisms of weight‐loss maintenance: Summary from a Pennington symposium
Flanagan, E. W., Spann, R. A., Berry, S. E., Berthoud, H., Broyles, S. T., Foster, G. D., Krakoff, J. A., Loos, R. J. F., Lowe, M. R., Ostendorf, D. M., et al. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23905 · Cited by 42
“Those with larger dips (2 – 4 h after a meal) feel less full and consume more calories than those with smaller postprandial declines in glucose [115].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKetogenic Diets for Body Weight Loss: A Comparison with Other Diets
Dyńka, D., Rodzeń, Ł., Rodzeń, M., Pacholak-Klimas, A., Ede, G., Sethi, S., Łojko, D., Bartoń, K., Berry, K., Deptuła, A., et al. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17060965 · Cited by 41
“The authors concluded that postprandial glucose level reduction is common and leads to increased hunger and energy intake [127].”
Decoding the Foodome: Molecular Networks Connecting Diet and Health
Menichetti, G., Barabási, A.-L., & Loscalzo, J. (2024) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-062322-030557 · Cited by 32
“An ongoing academic debate emphasizes that the altered food matrix inherent to HPFs may compromise nutrient bioavailability, postprandial glycemic responses, and satiety levels (16, 55, 90, 110, 156).”
BackgroundExercise‐induced appetite suppression: An update on potential mechanisms
McCarthy, S. F., Tucker, J. A. L., & Hazell, T. J. (2024) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70022 · Cited by 28
“…and insulin have long been hypothesized to regulate appetite postprandially (Campfield & Smith, 2003; Mayer, 1955) as postprandial glycemic dips predict increases in appetite and energy intake (Wyatt et al., 2021) and insulin has been proposed to inhibit ghrelin secretion (Gagnon & Anini, 2012).”
BackgroundWithdrawal: A key consideration in evaluating whether highly processed foods are addictive
Parnarouskis, L., Leventhal, A. M., Ferguson, S. G., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13507 · Cited by 30
“high-carbohydrate HP foods predict sooner period to next eating and higher subsequent caloric intake.(92) Future research may examine whether a relationship exists between glucose fluctuations, experiences of withdrawal, and continued consumption of HP foods.”
BackgroundLouca, P., Meijnikman, A. S., Nogal, A., Asnicar, F., Attaye, I., Vijay, A., Kouraki, A., Visconti, A., Wong, K. E., Berry, S. E., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100993 · Cited by 26
Self-citationDietary Control of Inflammation and Resolution
Sears, B., & Saha, A. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.709435 · Cited by 30
“This outcome of improved hunger control is also suggested by a recent study demonstrating that the postprandial glycemic dip at 2–3 h predicted future appetite and energy intake (77).”
ResultContinuing cereals research for sustainable health and well-being
Poole, N., Donovan, J., & Erenstein, O. (2021) · International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability · doi:10.1080/14735903.2021.1975437 · Cited by 27
“…et al., 2018; Maestre & Poole, 2018); . identify the opportunities for value chain actors to communicate commercial incentives to cereal farmers (Yadav et al., 2021), and enhance practices for the processing, manufacturing, storage, and distribution of natural, bio- and industrially enriched…”
BackgroundWellens, J., Vissers, E., Matthys, C., Vermeire, S., & Sabino, J. (2023) · Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.2147/pgpm.s359365 · Cited by 31
“predicted an increase in hunger, a shorter time until the next meal, and greater 24-hour energy intake in the general population.(21) In addition, as eating behaviors are often embedded within a social environment, peer-supported interventions could be considered to encourage dietary behavioral changes.”
BackgroundKarvela, M., Golden, C. T., Bell, N., Martin-Li, S., Bedzo-Nutakor, J., Bosnic, N., DeBeaudrap, P., de Mateo-Lopez, S., Alajrami, A., Qin, Y., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55105-6 · Cited by 23
Nutrition to Optimise Human Health—How to Obtain Physiological Substantiation?
Witkamp, R. F. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072155 · Cited by 25
“Partly because of this, effects of dietary intervention are to a large extent individually determined, as recent cutting-edge studies have shown [137,163,166].”
ResultPasmans, K., Meex, R. C. R., Trommelen, J., Senden, J. M., Vaughan, E. E., van Loon, L. J. C., & Blaak, E. E. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521004153 · Cited by 20
“gies which improve glycaemic control by preventing postprandial glycaemic dips in healthy individuals may also be of interest due to an acute reduction in hunger and energy intake(8).”
BackgroundFrampton, J., Izzi‐Engbeaya, C. N., Salem, V., Murphy, K. G., Tan, T., & Chambers, E. S. (2022) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-022-01223-y · Cited by 22
“Furthermore, mean glucose and insulin responses following acute glucagon administration were also estimated due to their influence on energy balance [29, 30] and recognised association with glucagon.”
BackgroundInfluentialPhillips, N. E., Collet, T., & Naef, F. (2023) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100545 · Cited by 21
“49 Our re-sults highlight that glucose response half-lives play a role in glycemic control and may be a relevant metric for both fundamental research and clinical purposes.”
BackgroundPrecision Medicine and Obesity
Sacoto, D., Hurtado, M. D., & Acosta, A. (2021) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2021_566 · Cited by 27
Vadiveloo, M. K., Gardner, C. D., Bleich, S. N., Khandpur, N., Lichtenstein, A. H., Otten, J. J., Rebholz, C. M., Singleton, C. R., Vos, M. B., & Wang, S. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001365 · Cited by 27
Barua, S., Sabharwal, A., GLANTZ, N. M., Conneely, C., LAREZ, A. J., Bevier, W. C., & Kerr, D. E. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101241 · Cited by 18
Jin, Z., Thackray, A. E., King, J. A., Deighton, K., Davies, M. J., & Stensel, D. J. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23177417 · Cited by 19
“Some studies have used the first-generation FreeStyle LibreTM CGM system to calculate daily glycaemic variables in healthy adults [8,16] but its accuracy compared with venous blood measurements has not been established in this population.”
BackgroundOganesova, Z., Pembérton, J. H., & Brown, A. C. (2024) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.15369 · Cited by 22
Mehat, K., Chen, Y., & Corpe, C. P. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmac072 · Cited by 16
“Postprandial glycemic dips have also been shown to be an accurate predictor of appetite and EI in healthy individuals (48), and so blood glucose changes during the return-to-baseline phase should be investigated.”
BackgroundVallat, R., Berry, S. E., Tsereteli, N., Pujol, J. C., Khatib, H. A., Valdes, A. M., Delahanty, L. M., Drew, D. A., Chan, A. T., Wolf, J., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34503-2 · Cited by 16
Self-citationNasirian, F., & Menichetti, G. (2023) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.122.318332 · Cited by 13
Chatonidi, G., Poppe, J., & Verbeke, K. (2023) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.002 · Cited by 15
Frampton, J., Serrano-Contreras, J. I., García‐Pérez, I., Franco‐Becker, G., Penhaligan, J., Tan, A. S. Y., de Oliveira, A. C. C., Milner, A. J., Murphy, K. G., Frost, G. S., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284294 · Cited by 15
“In addition, we investigated the interactive effects of carbohydrate and exercise on insulin, glucagon and glucose concentrations owing to the posited role of glucose homeostasis in appetite regulation (Wyatt et al., 2021).”
Neural circuits regulation of satiation
Cai, H., Schnapp, W. I., Mann, S. N., Miscevic, M., Schmit, M. B., Conteras, M., & Fang, C. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107512 · Cited by 12
“…slow on a scale of hours, signals after digestion play important roles in this process to suppress appetite, such as emptying of the gut and a decrease in blood glucose that promote hunger and meal onset (Campfield, Brandon, & Smith, 1985; Valassi, Scacchi, & Cavagnini, 2008; Wyatt et al., 2021).”
BackgroundLiu, A., Fan, Z., Lu, X., Wu, Y., Zhao, W., Lou, X., Hu, J.-H., & Peng, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.977278 · Cited by 9
“Postprandial glycemic dip in healthy subjects is also found to be able to predict appetite and energy intake (35).”
BackgroundLim, J. J., Sequeira, I. R., Yip, W. C. Y., Lu, L. W., Barnett, D., Cameron‐Smith, D., & Poppitt, S. D. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105871 · Cited by 10
Bellamy, E. L., Hadjiefthyvoulou, F., Walsh, J., Brown, J., & Turner, J. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1397546 · Cited by 11
Zignoli, A., Skroče, K., Lipman, D. J., & Zisser, H. (2023) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2023.105809 · Cited by 9
Santos‐Báez, L. S., Díaz‐Rizzolo, D. A., Popp, C. J., Shaw, D., Fine, K. S., Altomare, A., St‐Onge, M., Manoogian, E. N. C., Panda, S., Cheng, B., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091295 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, lower post-prandial glucose concentrations have been shown to correlate with hunger rating and the subsequent energy intake [51]; therefore, qualitative assessments of hunger and post-prandial glucose dips could have provided valuable insights and helped elucidate the drivers of meal…”
BackgroundLim, J. J., Liu, Y., Lu, L. W., Sequeira, I. R., & Poppitt, S. D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15102399 · Cited by 10
“In these studies, a postprandial glucose “dip” below the pre-meal baseline was associated with increased self-reported hunger [32], and a postprandial AA “rise” was associated with increased self-reported satiety [30,31,33].”
BackgroundHuang, Y., Wang, J. B., Parker, J. J., Shivacharan, R. S., Lal, R., & Halpern, C. H. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38253-7 · Cited by 6
“…as recent studies in non-diabetic patients have implicated meal-context and post-prandial interstitial glucose changes are related to appetite, changes in hunger level, and overall energy intake 20,21 , we compared ultradian correlation between HFA-glucose during pre-prandial and prandial periods.”
Moore, H., Siroux, J., Pereira, B., Miguet, M., Fillon, A., Dionnet, C., Julian, V., Duclos, M., Boirie, Y., Finlayson, G., et al. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107063 · Cited by 7
Self-citationKishimoto, I. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13060754 · Cited by 7
“showed that the average postprandial glucose dips 2–3 h after a standardized meal (890 kcal, 86 g of carbohydrates, 53 g of fat, 16 g of protein, and 2 g of fiber, ingested within 10 min) relative to baseline level are significantly associated with an increase in hunger postprandial for 2–3 h, a shorter time until the…”
BackgroundGroceryDB: Prevalence of Processed Food in Grocery StoresPreprint
Ravandi, B., Ispirova, G., Sebek, M., Mehler, P., Barabási, A.-Ĺ., & Menichetti, G. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.04.23.22274217 · Cited by 7
Network Science and Machine Learning for Precision Nutrition
Sebek, M., & Menichetti, G. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15315-0.00012-2 · Cited by 6
Gonzalez, J. T., Lolli, L., Veasey, R. C., Rumbold, P. L. S., Betts, J. A., Atkinson, G., & Stevenson, E. (2024) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03467-y · Cited by 8
“It has recently been suggested that reactive hypoglycaemia may also be relevant for appetite control [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialDonoso, I. A. P., Blannin, A. K., & Wallis, G. A. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107716 · Cited by 6
“Considering previous studies (Campfield, Smith, Rosenbaum, & Hirsch, 1996; Wyatt et al., 2021) and integrating the present CGM metrics, the absence of differences between conditions on glucose mean, SD or CV may provide some explanation.”
BackgroundMethodZhu, Y., Blundell, J. E., Holschuh, N. M., McLean, R., & Menon, R. S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15020304 · Cited by 8
“For example, the PREDICT 1 study used the Zoe study app to collect hunger data using a scale from 0 to 10 in free living conditions [16].”
MethodSelf-citationSun, Y. J., Zhao, L., Teng, D., Shi, X., Li, Y., Shan, Z., & Teng, W. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab831 · Cited by 6
Dixon, W., Kim, S. J., Levonian, D., Gusz, D., Fouladgar-Mercer, S., & Skyler, J. S. (2024) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2024.0222 · Cited by 5
Åberg, S., Palmnäs, M. S. A., Karlsson, T., Hjorth, T., Iversen, K., & Landberg, R. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15112456 · Cited by 6
“The need for resource-efficient ways of measuring appetite in a free-living context has increased with large intervention and prospective cohort studies with extensive selfsampling and repeated measures to analyze individual responses in the era of precision nutrition [27].”
BackgroundKanata, M.-C., Yanni, A. E., Koliaki, C. C., Anastasiou, I. A., Tentolouris, N., & Karathanos, V. Τ. (2025) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d5fo00348b · Cited by 6
Sanghvi, G. V., Bishoyi, A. K., Joshi, K., Kaneriya, J. P., & Pattani, V. B. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.103422 · Cited by 6
Jospe, M. R., Liao, Y., Giles, E. D., Hudson, B. I., Slingerland, J. M., & Schembre, S. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1301427 · Cited by 4
Åberg, S., Webb, D., Nordin, E., Hellström, P. M., & Landberg, R. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.10.046 · Cited by 4
Nguyen, A., Khafagy, R. T. M., Meerasa, A., Roshandel, D., Paterson, A. D., & Dash, S. (2022) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db22-0138 · Cited by 3
Wei, J., Liu, A., Fan, Z., Peng, X., Lou, X., Lu, X., & Hu, J. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14071142 · Cited by 3
“…(usually the zero line or reference line) during a specific measurement or analysis process, and it may be a better predictor of postprandial self-reported hunger and subsequent energy intake than peak glucose at 0–2 h and the glucose incremental area under the blood glucose curve at 0–2 h [24].”
SMITH, L. B., Ahlich, E. M., Lang, B., Bollepalli, S., Prioleau, T., Bartolome, A., Lansing, A. H., & Rancourt, D. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaf009 · Cited by 3
Durainayagam, B. R., Mitchell, C. J., Milan, A. M., Kruger, M. C., Roy, N. C., Fraser, K., & Cameron‐Smith, D. (2023) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03151-7 · Cited by 2
“1 3 continuous glucose, monitoring the nadir in blood glucose is typically reported 2–3 h after a meal and may correspond with the onset of hunger [35].”
BackgroundKrueger, B., Stutz, B., Jakobsmeyer, R., Reinsberger, C., & Buyken, A. E. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2428203 · Cited by 2
“The selected time window of 2 h postprandially only, however, might limit our ability to capture peaks or dips in response to a high GI meal (Wyatt et al. 2021).”
Nutrient detection pathways for food reinforcement and satiation
McKnight, A. D., & Alhadeff, A. L. (2025) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2025.103040 · Cited by 2
Yellow Pea Pasta Enhances the Saltiness and Suppression of Postprandial Blood Glucose Elevation
Tsuchiya, Y., Yoshimoto, J., Kobayashi, H., Ishii, S., & Kishi, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15020283 · Cited by 2
“shown that low postprandial blood glucose could lead to hunger [24].”
BackgroundDammas, S., Weyde, T., Tapper, K., Spanakis, G., Roefs, A., & Pothos, E. M. (2025) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/57530 · Cited by 2
Glycemic response to SSBs and ASBs: the role of mixed meals and individual variability
Kim, S., & Song, Y. (2025) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-025-01181-x · Cited by 1
“Glucose dip was defined as absolute difference between the baseline glucose value and the minimum observed postprandial glucose value during the 180-min-ute period, as applied in a previous study [22]. and was expressed as a percentage of the baseline value.”
InfluentialAutonomous dual-function sampling platform for safe primary blood analysis
Kong, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, Y., et al. (2025) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2025.138490 · Cited by 1
Brain Nutrient Sensing: A Unifying Framework
Blouet, C., & Schwartz, G. J. (2025) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-042324-100329 · Cited by 3
“The role of decreased glycaemia in meal initiation is one of the premises of the glucostatic theory of feeding (2), finding some recent support in humans with the observation that a dip in glycemia after a meal is a significant predictor of hunger and future caloric intake (123).”
Wei, J., Liu, A., Fan, Z., Peng, X., Lou, X., Lu, X., & Hu, J. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14223869 · Cited by 1
“Matsuda index ( 10000 √ glucose fasting ∗ insulin fasting ∗ glucose mean ∗ insulin mean ) was calculated [42].”
The Metabolic Mind: Revisiting Glucose Metabolism and Justice Involvement in Neurolaw
Logan, A. C., Berryessa, C. M., Greeson, J. M., Mishra, P., & Prescott, S. L. (2025) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci6040120 · Cited by 1
“The size of the postprandial dip in blood glucose (relative to baseline) predicts more intense hunger 2 to 3 h later [96].”
Song, Y.-B., Hong, M.-G., Yoo, S., & Lee, B. (2026) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2026.118640 · Cited by 1
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“…research has shown that postprandial glycemic responses and glycemic variability can influence appetite, weight gain, and cardiometabolic risk factors, 19,29,30 but evidence directly linking short-term CGM-derived improvements in healthy cohorts without diabetes to disease prevention is lacking.”
Personalisierte Ernährung als Zukunftsmodell
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“Recently, researchers around Wyatt revived Mayer ’ s hypothesis and examined in their study the role of glucose in hunger control among 1070 healthy adults participating in the PREDICT study (Wyatt et al., 2021).”
InfluentialMadaria, L., Aymerich, C., Catalán, A., & Torres, M. Á. G. (2024) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep15010003
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Postprandial Glucose Level Decreases and Appetite in Adults Without Diabetes
Yao, J., Edney, S. M., Tan, L. W. L., Kao, S. L., Sim, X., Tai, E. S., Müller‐Riemenschneider, F., & van Dam, R. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.3426
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The association between glucose dynamics and energy intake in young, healthy women
Jin, Z., Thackray, A. E., Willis, S. A., King, J. A., Li, J., Mould, C., & Stensel, D. J. (2026) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-026-01727-0
“…from absolute arteriovenous glucose differences to postprandial circulating glucose patterns as potential predictors of eating behaviour, with transient glucose declines preceding meal initiation [45] and greater declines correlating with higher energy intake in free-living environments [8, 9].”
InfluentialMultimodal machine learning reveals neurobiological signatures of binge-type eating disorders
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“…features sets are given in (E) . to appetite and weight regulation (Eberle et al., 1991; Suh et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2019; Maher et al., 2019; Wyatt et al., 2021; Vigil et al., 2022), specifically glucose, γ -glutamyltransferase (GGT), triglycerides, total cholesterol, progesterone, and…”
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Hunger und Sättigung im klinischen und physiologischen Kontext
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A Method for Estimating Gastric Activity Using Wearable Sensors
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Hypoglycemic Flash as a potential shared metabolic trigger for episodic autonomic disorders
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wyatt, P., Berry, S. E., Finlayson, G., O’Driscoll, R., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Drew, D. A., Khatib, H. A., Nguyen, L. H., Linenberg, I., Chan, A. T., Spector, T. D., Franks, P. W., Wolf, J., Blundell, J., & Valdes, A. M.
- Affiliations
- ZOE (United Kingdom) (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Valdes, Ana M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Metabolism
- Published
- 2021-04-12
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 523-529
- ISSN
- 2522-5812 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7610681
- OpenAlex
- W3154586049
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-07-13)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Zoe Global Ltd
- Wellcome Trust
- DH | National Institute for Health Research (GSTT BRC, Nottingham BRC)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- postprandial blood glucose, appetite, hunger, energy intake, continuous glucose monitoring, ad libitum meal, weight loss interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Appetite, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Diet, Female, Humans, Hunger, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Satiation, Cohort Studies, Postprandial Period, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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