The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on immune function in healthy volunteers
Abstract
Objective To assess the effects of dietary supplementation using two isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on immune function in healthy human volunteers.Design Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled intervention trial.Subjects and intervention A total of 55 healthy volunteers (n=20 males, n=35 females) were randomised into one of three study groups who received 3 g/day of a fatty acid blend containing a 50:50 cis-9, trans-11: trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer blend (2 g CLA), and 80:20 cis-9, trans-11: trans-10, cis-12 (80:20) CLA isomer blend (1.76 g CLA) or linoleic acid (control, 2 g linoleic acid) for 8 weeks.Results Supplementation with the 80:20 CLA isomer blend significantly (P< or =0.05) enhanced PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation. CLA decreased basal interleukin (IL)-2 secretion (P< or =0.01) and increased PHA-induced IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF(alpha)) production (P< or =0.01). However, these effects were not solely attributable to CLA as similar results were observed with linoleic acid. CLA supplementation had no significant effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells IL-4 production, or on serum-soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) or plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or leukotreine B4 (LTB4) concentrations.Conclusions This study shows that CLA supplementation had a minimal effect on the markers of human immune function. Furthermore, supplementation with CLA had no immunological benefit compared with linoleic acid.
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The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on the nutritional status of COPD patients
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“With its anti-inflammatory properties, it can also inhibit inflammatory mediators such as IL 1β and decrease their serum level and, thereby, lead to appetite improvement in patients.(18,20) The findings of this study are in line with those of the study of Wendell et al.”
ResultRenner, L., von Soosten, D., Sipka, A. S., et al. (2012) · Archives of Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1080/1745039x.2012.672218 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“05). trans-10, cis-12 was supplemented and cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin ex vivo (Nugent et al. 2005).”
MethodPhysiological and biochemical effects of conjugated linoleic acid and its use in aquaculture
Rosa, R., Andrade, A. M., Bandarra, N. M., & Nunes, M. L. (2010) · Reviews in Aquaculture · doi:10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01021.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ácido linoleico conjugado: interés actual en nutrición humana
Haro, A., Artacho, R., & Cabrera–Vique, C. (2006) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1157/13093270 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Isomer specificity of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): 9E,11E-CLA
Lee, Y. (2008) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2008.2.4.326 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In contrast, other human studies showed no significant relationship between CLA and anti-inflammatory effect (Albers et al., 2003; Kelley et al., 2000; Nugent et al., 2005; Ramakers et al., 2005; Ritzenthaler et al., 2005; Tricon et al., 2004a).”
ResultSchäfers, S., von Soosten, D., Meyer, U., Drong, C., Frahm, J., Tröscher, A., Pelletier, W., Sauerwein, H., & Dänicke, S. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13071 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Influence of conjugated linoleic acids on functional properties of vascular cells
Ringseis, R., & Eder, K. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509990304 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, the observation from a randomised, placebo-controlled intervention trial that CLA supplementation with two different CLA mixtures (50:50 and 80:20 blends of cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans-10, cis12 CLA) does not alter serum concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules in healthy volunteers((83)), however,…”
BackgroundWhitehead, A. J., Mares, J. A., & Danis, R. P. (2017) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Asbaghi, O., Shimi, G., Oskouie, F. H., Naseri, K., Bagheri, R., Ashtary‐Larky, D., Nordvall, M., Rastgoo, S., Zamani, M. M., & Wong, A. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523001861 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Cochrane risk of bias results of included studies is shown in Supplementary 1 and indicated that 33 (25, 30, 41, 44, 46, 47, 51, 53, 57, 59-62, 65-70, 72, 80, 81, 89-93, 95, 98-100, 103, 106) trials were considered to be at high risk for bias, 19 (42, 43, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 63, 76-79, 82, 83, 94, 96, 102, 104, 105) w…”
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, N. A. A. (. (2012) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2700 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The ANSES opinion (2011) identified nine human intervention studies on the effects of CLA on markers of subclinical systemic inflammation [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF- ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-5, 15-keto-dihydro-PGF2 , prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), inte…”
BackgroundSaini, S., Kottarath, S. K., Dinda, A. K., et al. (2020) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.024 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Asbaghi, O., Shimi, G., Naseri, K., Saadati, S., Kelishadi, M. R., Doaei, S., & Haghighat, N. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175162 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Takahashi, K., Kawamata, K., & Akiba, Y. (2007) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.2007.954 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Conjugated linoleic acids and inflammation: isomer- and tissue-specific responses
Belda, B. J., Lee, Y., & Heuvel, J. P. V. (2010) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.10.54 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Liu, Y. X., Zhu, K., Liu, Y. L., et al. (2016) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731116000604 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Several studies in humans, poultry and rats have shown that dietary CLA increased IL-2 activity induced by Con A (Wong et al., 1997; Nugent et al., 2005; Takahashi et al., 2007).”
BackgroundConjugated linoleic acids alleviated immunosuppression in broiler chickens exposed to cyclosporin A
Long, F., Wang, Z., Guo, Y., et al. (2010) · Food and Agricultural Immunology · doi:10.1080/09540105.2010.495403 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The differential effect of two isomeric mixtures of CLA at 80:20 and 50:50 of c9, t11:t10, c12 CLA, respectively, was observed, whereby the 80:20 mixture increased lymphocyte proliferation (Nugent et al., 2005) compared with the 50:50 mixture (Kelley et al.”
BackgroundResultLinoleic Acid—A Feasible Preventive Approach for Visceral Leishmaniasis
Saini, S., & Rai, A. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.649025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Higher levels of LTB4 but not PGE2 have been observed in the serum of LA supplemented healthy individuals (37).”
BackgroundKennedy, S. R. (2007) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Long-chain fatty acids and inflammatory processes
Calder, P. C. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857095749.3.457 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Application of Conjugated Fatty Acids to Functional Foods
Yamasaki, M. (2013) · Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi · doi:10.4327/jsnfs.66.241 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
EFICÁCIA DO ÁCIDO LINOLÉICO CONJUGADO (CLA) NA SAÚDE HUMANA
Novack, M. M. E. (2014) · Revista Eletrônica em Gestão Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental · doi:10.5902/2236117012988 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tavakoli-Darestani, R., Azadeh, T. D., kazemian, G. H., Tahbaz, F., & Najafi, F. (2014) · Novelty in biomedicine · doi:10.22037/nbm.v1i3.5496 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lipids in human health: Importance of n-3 long-chain and CLA
Popova, T. L., Lorenzo, J. M., Franco, D., & López‐Pedrouso, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823371-9.00001-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Prostaglandin E2 production in mice is reduced by consumption of range-fed sources of red meat
Broughton, K. S., Rule, D. C., & Handrich, E. (2011) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2011.10.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Furthermore, consumption of CLA suppresses biosynthesis of both PG and LTs [10-12] with equivocal results in human feeding studies [13].”
BackgroundWatkins, B. A., & Li, Y. (2006) · Modern nutrition · doi:10.1201/9781420006186.ch14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Conjugated Linoleic Acid in the treatment of murine autoimmune glomerulonephritis
Hammond, S. E. (2015) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Fatty acid composition of meat of Sarda suckling lamb
Manca, M. G. (2011) · UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari)
Zareie, Z., Nooshkam, M., Moayedi, A., Rahmani, F., Sarhadi, Y., Burke, N., & Garavand, F. (2026) · Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2026.101208
- Authors
- Nugent, A. P., Roche, H. M., Noone, E. J., Long, A., Kelleher, D. K., & Gibney, M. J.
- Affiliations
- St. James's Hospital (IE)
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (IE)
- Molecular Medicine Ireland (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Roche, H M
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2005-04-13
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 742-750
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W2072330362
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 6.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- conjugated linoleic acid, dietary supplementation, immune function, cis-9,trans-11 CLA, trans-10, cis-12 CLA, linoleic acid, lymphocyte proliferation, interleukin-2, TNF-α, IL-4, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, healthy volunteers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Interleukin-2, Isomerism, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Lymphocyte Activation, Male, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Cytokines, Dietary Supplements, Linoleic Acid, Linoleic Acids, Conjugated
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