Changes in energy metabolism in response to 48 h of overfeeding and fasting in Caucasians and Pima Indians
Abstract
Objective Differences in the metabolic response to overfeeding and starvation may confer susceptibility or resistance to obesity in humans. To further examine this hypothesis, we assessed the changes in 24 h energy metabolism in response to short-term overfeeding and fasting in Caucasians (C) and Pima Indians (I), a population with a very high propensity for obesity.Methods We measured the changes in 24 h energy expenditure (24 -EE) and 24 h respiratory quotient (24-RQ) in response to 48 h of mixed diet overfeeding (100% above energy requirements) and fasting in a whole body respiratory chamber in 14 male subjects (7 C/7 I, age 30+/-6 y, mean+/-s.d.). Results were compared to a 24 h measurement under eucaloric conditions.Results Mean 24-EE increased in response to overfeeding and decreased in response to fasting (all changes P<0.01), with no differences between C (+9.1% and -9.1%) and I (+8.6% and -9.6%). Similarly, mean 24-RQ increased/decreased in response to overfeeding/fasting, respectively (all changes P<0.01), again with no differences between C (+0.06 and -0.05) and I (+0.05 and -0.05). The changes in 24-EE in response to overfeeding and fasting were positively correlated (r=0.70, P<0.01), whereas those in 24-RQ were not (r=0.40, NS).Conclusions Pima Indians do not appear to have an impaired metabolic response to short-term overfeeding and fasting that could explain their propensity for obesity. Individuals with a large increase in energy expenditure in response to overfeeding appear to have a small decrease in energy expenditure in response to starvation (spendthrift phenotype) and vice versa (thrifty phenotype).
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Both controlled studies suggest similar metabolic flexibility to carbohydrate-enriched diets in obese and lean individuals.
“Both studies suggest similar metabolic flexibility to carbohydrate- enriched diets in obese and lean individuals.”
From Metabolic flexibility and insulin resistance (2008) · cites this paper as [64]
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Metabolic Factors Determining the Susceptibility to Weight Gain: Current Evidence
Hollstein, T., & Piaggi, P. (2020) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-020-00371-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Previous studies found evidence supporting the thrifty phenotype hypothesis by showing that the degrees of metabolic adaptation to 24-h fasting and to 24-h overfeeding (200% of eucaloric needs) are highly variable among individuals and that those subjects who decrease their 24hEE more during 24-h fasting (thriftier in…”
BackgroundSkeletal muscle enzymes as predictors of 24-h energy metabolism in reduced-obese persons
Doucet, É., Tremblay, A., Simoneau, J., & Joanisse, D. R. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.430 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Because the obese subjects in the present study were measured while in positive energy balance, and because the RQ is responsive to this situation (32), it is possible that the association was blurred by this condition, even if a statistical correction was applied to take this factor into account.”
BackgroundAng, J.-H. C., Sun, L., Foo, S.-Y. R., Leow, M. K., Vidal‐Puig, A., Fontana, L., & Dalakoti, M. (2025) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102354 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“This technique enables the quantification of up-regulated metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation, thereby providing a detailed view of substrate utilization at a molecular level.”
InfluentialEffects of risperidone on energy balance in female C57BL/6J mice
Li, X., Johnson, M. S., Smith, D. L., Li, Y., Kesterson, R. A., Allison, D. B., & Nagy, T. R. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20350 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Given that normal changes of RER are predominantly affected by energy balance (37,38), the higher RER in risperidone-treated animals is likely the effect of chronic positive energy balance.”
BackgroundAllerton, T. D., Carnero, E. Á., Bock, C., Corbin, K. D., Luyet, P., Smith, S. R., & Ravussin, É. (2021) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23226 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Low capacity to oxidize fat and body weight
Péronnet, F., & Haman, F. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12910 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Role of Leptin in Maintaining Plasma Glucose During Starvation
Perry, R. J., & Shulman, G. I. (2018) · Postdoc Journal · doi:10.14304/surya.jpr.v6n3.2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effect of Over- and Underfeeding on Body Composition and Related Metabolic Functions in Humans
Müller, M. J., & Bosy‐Westphal, A. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1221-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dynamic changes in energy expenditure in response to underfeeding: a review
Egan, A. M., & Collins, A. L. (2021) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665121003669 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“(142) was among the fi rst to suggest phenotypic differences in EE response, after observing a correlation between increasing EE with overfeeding, and decreasing EE with fasting in 14 male subjects.”
The influence of extended fasting on thyroid hormone: local and differentiated regulatory mechanisms
Sui, X., Jiang, S., Zhang, H., Wu, F., Wang, H., Yang, C., Guo, Y., Wang, L., Li, Y., & Dai, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1443051 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Votruba, S. B., & Jensen, M. D. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00414.2011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“For example, a low fasting respiratory quotient (RQ; indicative of a low whole body fat oxidation) (24, 39), altered carbohydrate balance/oxidation (6, 21), low resting metabolic rate (36, 37), and reduced spontaneous physical activity (15) have been associated with excess weight gain.”
Sagayama, H., Yoshimura, E., Yamada, Y., & Tanaka, H. (2019) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08677-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hollstein, T., Basolo, A., Ando, T., Krakoff, J. A., & Piaggi, P. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab209 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Giroux, V., Saidj, S., Simon, C., Laville, M., Segrestin, B., & Mathieu, M.-E. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5801-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
KOLIKO JE TJELOVJEŽBA UČINKOVITA U POTICANJU GUBITKA MASNOG TKIVA
Borer, K. T. (2008) · University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
In Pursuit of a Biomarker of Weight Gain Susceptibility—Is FGF21 a Candidate?
Redman, L. M., & Ravussin, É. (2019) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/dbi18-0038 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In an elegant series of studies using a respiratory chamber, the group from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases in Phoenix showed that in response to acute (24-h) fasting or overfeeding, individuals respond differently in decreasing or increasing 24-h energy expenditure, thus identifyi…”
MethodDai, Z., Zhang, H., Sui, X., Wu, F., Zhang, C., Fan, Z., Wang, H., Guo, Y., Yang, C., Jiang, S., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80049-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Solianik, R., Židonienė, K., & Brazaitis, M. (2023) · Cryobiology · doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104564 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Obesity
Galgani, J., Cortes, V., & Carrasco, F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12125-3_21-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cycling Efficiency During Incremental Cycle Ergometry After 24 Hours of Overfeeding or Fasting
Vinales, K. L., Schlögl, M., Reinhardt, M., Thearle, M. S., Krakoff, J. A., & Piaggi, P. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22096 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For instance, fasting is known to decrease EE (2,3), and overfeeding, even for a single day, is known to increase EE in”
Identificación del fenotipo ahorrador para la personalización del manejo del sobrepeso y la obesidad
Fernando Carrasco, N., & Navarro, G. N. C. (2022) · Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes · doi:10.1016/j.rmclc.2022.03.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Comparison of methods used to predict energy requirements in a whole room calorimeter
Tan, S., Batterham, M. J., & Tapsell, L. C. (2010) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2010.02.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Obesity
Galgani, J. E., Cortés, V., & Fernando Carrasco, N. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11251-0_21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rowsemitt, C. N., & Najarian, T. (2011) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Does internal metabolic state determine our motor coordination strategy?Preprint
Taylor, S. V., & Faisal, A. A. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/312454 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism in Obesity
Galgani, J. E., Cortés, V., & Fernando Carrasco, N. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40116-9_21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Obesity, diabetes and energy metabolism
Pannacciulli, N., & Tataranni, P. A. (2006) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.2.1.1
Self-citationGibt es die Adaptive Thermogenese?
Enderle, J., Braun, W., Pourhassan, M., Bosy‐Westphal, A., & Müller, M. J. (2015) · Adipositas - Ursachen Folgeerkrankungen Therapie · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1618940
“In verschiedenen Studien wurde die AT nach einem Monat (14), zwei Wochen (17) oder auch 24 Stunden Kalorienrestriktion (34) beobachtet.”
BackgroundSubstrate utilization in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
Sparks, L. M. (2006) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1950
“, in starvation or diabetes) may inhibit the catabolism of glucose in muscle and (3) in vitro, the oxidation of fatty acids released from muscle triacylglycerol or intramyocellular triglycerides also inhibits intracellular glucose metabolism.”
BackgroundInfluentialInternal metabolic state and metabolic costs in human motor control
Taylor, S. V. (2014) · Spiral (Imperial College London) · doi:10.25560/55145
THE ROLE OF ENERGY BALANCE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF OBESITY
Shuklin, G. O., Shuklina, A. A., & Yaparov, A. E. (2019) · Международный студенческий научный вестник (International Student Scientific Herald) · doi:10.17513/msnv.19556
“Большее снижение РЭ при голодании, и меньшее увеличение РЭ при переедании в большей степени проявилось при диете с низким содержанием белка, а большее увеличение РЭ наблюдалось при диете с высоким содержанием углеводов [9,20].”
How to Effectively Boost Fat Oxidation by Calorie Restriction in Overweight and Obese Adults?
Solianik, R., Sujeta, A., Justinavičienė, K., & Žlibinaitė, L. (2019) · Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences · doi:10.33607/bjshs.v112i1.777
Basolo, A., Fierabracci, P., & Santini, F. (2022) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-021-01007-y
Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Metabolism in Obesity
Galgani, J. E., Cortés, V., & Fernando Carrasco, N. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12125-3_21-2
Hollstein, T., & Piaggi, P. (2025) · Adipositas - Ursachen Folgeerkrankungen Therapie · doi:10.1055/a-2600-4373
Clarke, G. S., & Grieger, J. A. (2026) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.70189
Dietary manipulation and weight management
Tan, S. (2010) · Research Online (University of Wollongong)
- Authors
- Weyer, C., Vozarova, B., Ravussin, E., & Tataranni, P.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weyer, C
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2001-05
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 593-600
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- OpenAlex
- W2314890057
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- energy metabolism, overfeeding, fasting, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, Pima Indians, obesity susceptibility, thrifty phenotype, ethnic differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arizona, Basal Metabolism, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Fasting, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Obesity, Oxygen Consumption, Time Factors, White People, Asian People
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