The Inflammation–Fibrosis Link? A Jekyll and Hyde Role for Blood Cells during Wound Repair
Open accessAbstract
The healing of a skin wound is a complex process involving many cell lineages. In adult tissues, repair is always accompanied by a robust inflammatory response, which is necessary to counter the potential for infection at any site where the skin barrier is breached. Unlike embryonic tissues that can repair perfectly without a remnant scar at the wound site, adult tissue repair always leads to formation of a fibrotic scar where the wound has healed. In recent years, it has become clear that the wound inflammatory response may be, at least in part, responsible for fibrosis at sites of tissue repair. In this review, we consider the beneficial vs the detrimental functions of inflammatory cells during the repair response and compare data from other tissues, the lung, and liver, where fibrosis and its resolution may be related to a damage-triggered inflammatory response. We also consider how it may be possible to molecularly disentangle the potentially good from the bad influences of inflammatory cells during tissue repair and how fundamental studies in inflammatory cell biology may prove the way forward for development of drug targets in this respect.
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Excessive ECM deposition by myofibroblasts can lead to fibrosis, scarring, and loss of tissue function if not kept in check.
“However, if ECM synthesis in myofibroblasts is not kept in check, then excessive matrix deposition can lead to fibrosis, scarring, and loss of tissue function [120–122].”
From CCN1/CYR61: the very model of a modern matricellular protein (2011) · cites this paper as [121]
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“Pulmonary inflammation promotes fibrosis, induces fibroblast and fibrocyte proliferation, and ECM deposition (51).”
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Biopolymers: Applications in wound healing and skin tissue engineering
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CCN1/CYR61: the very model of a modern matricellular protein
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“However, if ECM synthesis in myofibroblasts is not kept in check, then excessive matrix deposition can lead to fibrosis, scarring, and loss of tissue function [120–122].”
BackgroundSkin wound healing modulation by macrophages.
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The Inflammatory Response to Skeletal Muscle Injury
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Vascular Endothelial Cells and Innate Immunity
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“Two major cellular players in these processes are macrophages and fibroblasts [1-4].”
BackgroundSkin Regeneration in Adult Axolotls: A Blueprint for Scar-Free Healing in Vertebrates
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Cellular senescence controls fibrosis in wound healing
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“However, excessive ECM deposition may occur in wound repair, particularly in association with chronic injury and inflammation [15,38,43].”
BackgroundDermal fibroblasts—A heterogeneous population with regulatory function in wound healing
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Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Control Neutrophil Recruitment
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Bioengineering skin using mechanisms of regeneration and repair
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Novel therapies for scar reduction and regenerative healing of skin wounds
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Current and upcoming therapies to modulate skin scarring and fibrosis.
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Self-citationImmune cells in the healing skin wound: Influential players at each stage of repair
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Skin Wound Healing Is Accelerated and Scarless in the Absence of Commensal Microbiota
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“In wound healing, there is an intimate link between fibrosis and inflammation (Stramer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNatural and Synthetic Polymeric Biomaterials for Application in Wound Management
Prete, S., Dattilo, M., Patitucci, F., Pezzi, G., Parisi, O. I., & Puoci, F. (2023) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb14090455 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“including hypertrophic scars like keloids [18].”
Bevan, L., Lim, Z. W., Venkatesh, B., Riley, P. R., Martin, P. B., & Richardson, R. J. (2019) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvz221 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“The inflammatory response to tissue injury is a necessary consequence but one that drives subsequent fibrosis and scar formation.(6,8,9) In”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationInflammation and immunity in organ regeneration
Mescher, A. L., Neff, A. W., & King, M. W. (2016) · Developmental & Comparative Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.015 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“While the inflammatory response is required to initiate repair and regeneration, excessive or prolonged inflammation interferes with successful patterning of a new organ, often promoting fibrosis (Eming et al., 2009; Stramer et al., 2007; Wilgus, 2008).”
BackgroundMohsin, F., Javaid, S., Tariq, M., & Mustafa, M. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112713 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Wermuth, P. J., & Jiménez, S. (2015) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s40169-015-0047-4 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Failure of the early inflammatory phase of the wound healing process to resolve, as indicated by the persistence of inflammatory macrophages, causes sustained and excessive synthesis and deposition of ECM components, leading to fibrotic tissue formation [158,159], and their shift into the wound healing/profibrotic mac…”
BackgroundZarebska, J. M., Chanalaris, A., Driscoll, C. L., Burleigh, A., Miller, R. E., Malfait, A., Stott, B., & Vincent, T. L. (2016) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2016.10.008 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
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Fibrosis Is a Key Inhibitor of Lymphatic Regeneration
Avraham, T., Clavin, N. W., Daluvoy, S. V., Fernandez, J. G., Soares, M. A., Cordeiro, A. P., & Mehrara, B. J. (2009) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181adcf4b · Cited by 124 · see citing works
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“including hyaluronidase 2,(68) which collectively initiate a robust inflammatory response.(1,69,70) This in turn promotes vigorous fibroplasia and scar formation, particularly in the deeper dermal regions.”
BackgroundA Patient-Specific in silico Model of Inflammation and Healing Tested in Acute Vocal Fold Injury
Li‐Jessen, N. Y. K., Verdolini, K., Clermont, G., Mi, Q., Rubinstein, E. N., Hebda, P. A., & Yoram Vodovotz, B. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002789 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Thus, a therapeutic balance between the need to limit inflammation causing tissue damage and the need for inflammation to initiate tissue repair is important to optimize the quality of healing outcomes and the recovery of physiological functions [62–66].”
BackgroundCapturing the Fantastic Voyage of Monocytes Through Time and Space
Teh, Y. C., Ding, J. L., Ng, L. G., & Chong, S. Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00834 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
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Mast Cells: A Pivotal Role in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Veerappan, A., O’Connor, N., Brazin, J. A., Reid, A. C., Jung, A., McGee, D., Summers, B. D., Branch-Elliman, D., Stiles, B. M., Worgall, S., et al. (2013) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/dna.2013.2005 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“The link between inflammation and fibrosis is complicated, but there is much evidence which suggests that inflammatory cells influence fibrosis by releasing fibrogenic mediators (Stramer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundAre mast cells instrumental for fibrotic diseases?
Overed-Sayer, C., Rapley, L., Mustelin, T., & Clarke, D. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2013.00174 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Additionally, the mast cell remodeling sodium chromoglycate has been reported to attenuate renal fibrosis (Summers et al., 2012), therefore it is proposed that pro-fibrotic mediators released via mast cell degranulation drive fibroblast activation and proliferation, and therefore targeting this…”
BackgroundWang, L., Zhao, R., Li, J.-Y., Li, S., Liu, M., Wang, M., Zhang, M.-Z., Dong, W., Jiang, S., Zhang, M., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.006 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Kulkarni, O., Lichtnekert, J., Anders, H., & Mulay, S. R. (2016) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2016/2856213 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“The delayed clearance of neutrophils from the site of injury further exacerbates the injury [84].”
BackgroundMortensen, J. H., Lindholm, M., Langholm, L. L., Kjeldsen, J., Bay‐Jensen, A., Karsdal, M. A., & Manon‐Jensen, T. (2019) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2019.1673729 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“In reality, however, the process of inflammation and fibrosis is dynamic and intertwined and affected by ECM remodeling driven by the chronic inflammation with high protease activity [1,11,30,81].”
BackgroundSwatting flies: modelling wound healing and inflammation in <i>Drosophila</i>
Razzell, W., Wood, W., & Martin, P. (2011) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.006825 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“…the adult fly Laser-mediated injury (sterile wound) Glass needle (asterile wound) Needle (rupture injury) Forceps (pinch injury) Laser-mediated injury Larval imaginal disc (wing or leg) D ise as e M od el s & M ec ha ni sm s D M M fibrosis and scarring (for a review, see Stramer et al., 2007).”
Self-citationKassiri, Z., Defamie, V., Hariri, M., Oudit, G. Y., Anthwal, S., Dawood, F., Liu, P. J., & Khokha, R. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.028449 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
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“This innate failure to resolve inflammation may increase the propensity for fibrotic repair of adult connective tissues in contrast to the abilities of macrophage deficient foetal wounds that heal with minimal scar formation [16,36].”
BackgroundResultDoi, H., Kitajima, Y., Luo, L., Yan, C., Tateishi, S., Ono, Y., Urata, Y., Goto, S., Mori, R., Masuzaki, H., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep18844 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetes Is a Major Risk Factor for Mortality After Lung Transplantation
Hackman, K. L., Bailey, M., Snell, G. I., & Bach, L. A. (2014) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.12561 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The matricellular protein CCN1 in tissue injury repair
Kim, K., Won, J. H., Cheng, N., & Lau, L. F. (2018) · Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1007/s12079-018-0450-x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Endophenotype Network Models: Common Core of Complex Diseases
Ghiassian, S. D., Menche, J., Chasman, D. I., Giulianini, F., Wang, R., Ricchiuto, P., Aikawa, M., Iwata, H., Müller, C., Zeller, T., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep27414 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
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Chang, Z., Kishimoto, Y., Hasan, A., & Welham, N. V. (2013) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.013326 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“For example, although platelet, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration is necessary to prevent blood loss and infection, remove cell debris and deliver key signaling molecules, excessive and/or prolonged inflammation can lead to fibrosis (Martin and Leibovich, 2005; Stramer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRojas, A., Añazco, C., González, I., & Araya, P. (2018) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgy012 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Freeman, T. A., Parvizi, J., Valle, C. J. D., & Steinbeck, M. J. (2009) · Fibrogenesis & Tissue Repair · doi:10.1186/1755-1536-2-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Therefore, resolution of the inflammatory response is critical to the restoration of the tissue to a functional state and the prevention of fibrosis [16,17].”
BackgroundInflammation: cytokines and RNA‐based regulation
Stumpo, D. J., Lai, W. S., & Blackshear, P. J. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
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Cellular/extracellular matrix cross‐talk in scar evolution and control
Widgerow, A. D. (2011) · Wound Repair and Regeneration · doi:10.1111/j.1524-475x.2010.00662.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“The progressive increase in TGF-b3 appears to be involved in cessation of matrix deposition.(68,69) The background ECM constituents influencing scar control are a balance of proinflammatory and profibrotic agents.”
BackgroundRegeneration: The ultimate example of wound healing
Murawala, P., Tanaka, E. M., & Currie, J. D. (2012) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.013 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A Novel Model for Cutaneous Wound Healing and Scarring in the Rat
Zhou, S., Wang, W., Zhou, S., Zhang, G., He, J., & Li, Q. (2018) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000005274 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Cash, J. L., Bass, M. D., Campbell, J., Barnes, M., Kubes, P., & Martin, P. B. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Wound repair in embryos involves very little inflammation and scar-free healing, suggesting that inflammatory cells are causally involved in scarring [1, 2, 9].”
Self-citationRotational stress-induced increase in epinephrine levels delays cutaneous wound healing in mice
Romana‐Souza, B., Otranto, M., Vieira, A. M., Filgueiras, C. C., Fierro, I. M., & Monte‐Alto‐Costa, A. (2009) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.11.012 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Lévesque, M., Feng, Y., Jones, R. A., & Martin, P. B. (2012) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.010371 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Our findings that innate immune cells are instructive to pigment cells at the wound site adds to the list of cell lineages that inflammatory cells regulate during the repair process (Eming et al., 2007; Stramer et al., 2007).”
Self-citationMorry, J., Ngamcherdtrakul, W., Gu, S., Goodyear, S. M., Castro, D. J., Reda, M. M., Sangvanich, T., & Yantasee, W. (2015) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Fibrosis is a complex disease characterized by increased oxidative stress [1,2], persistent inflammation [3,4], elevated levels of profibrotic and proinflammatory cytokines [5e7], and an excessive synthesis and accumulation of extracellular matrices, mainly consisting of collagen [6,7].”
BackgroundAfratis, N. A., Klepfish, M., Karamanos, N. K., & Sagi, I. (2018) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.004 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hypertrophy of the lumbar ligamentum flavum is associated with inflammation-related TGF-β expression
Löhr, M., Hampl, J. A., Lee, J. Y., Ernestus, R., Deckert, M., & Stenzel, W. (2010) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/s00701-010-0839-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Such an “inflammation–fibrosis link” is already known from studies in adult skin wound healing, in which macrophages also are the major, sustained source of TGF-β [33].”
BackgroundHealth implications of engineered nanomaterials
Pietroiusti, A. (2011) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c2nr11688j · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Paupert, J., Sounni, N. E., & Noël, A. (2011) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2011.04.002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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In Vivo Imaging Reveals a Pioneer Wave of Monocyte Recruitment into Mouse Skin Wounds
Rodero, M., Licata, F., Poupel, L., Hamon, P., Khosrotehrani, K., Combadière, C., & Boissonnas, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108212 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cutaneous wound healing of chronically stressed mice is improved through catecholamines blockade
Romana‐Souza, B., Pôrto, L. C., & Monte‐Alto‐Costa, A. (2010) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01113.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Calpain Activity Is Essential in Skin Wound Healing and Contributes to Scar Formation
Nassar, D., Letavernier, E., Baud, L., Aractingi, S., & Khosrotehrani, K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037084 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The link between inflammation and fibrosis is very tight in skin wound healing [49] as well as in other tissue injuries as in myocardial fibrosis secondary to hypertension [50].”
BackgroundImmune-Mediated Repair: A Matter of Plasticity
Laurent, P., Jolivel, V., Manicki, P., Chiu, L., Contin‐Bordes, C., Truchetet, M., & Pradeu, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00454 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells for Wound Healing
Goodarzi, P., Alavi-Moghadam, S., Sarvari, M., Tayanloo-Beik, A., Falahzadeh, K., Aghayan, H. R., Payab, M., Larijani, B. A., Gilany, K., Rahim, F., et al. (2018) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2018_220 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Tan, W., Fang, Q., Shen, X. Z., Giani, J. F., Zhao, T. V., Shi, P. D., Zhang, L., Khan, Z., Li, Y., Li, L., et al. (2018) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14489 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Evolution has primed some repair processes to heal quickly, but imperfectly (Stramer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLin, H.-T. V., Lu, W.-J., Tsai, G.-J., Chou, C.-T., Hsiao, H.-I., & Hwang, P.-A. (2016) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2016.08.024 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fatigued breast cancer survivors and gene polymorphisms in the inflammatory pathway
Reinertsen, K. V., Alnæs, G. I. G., Landmark‐Høyvik, H., Loge, J. H., Wist, E., Kristensen, V. N., Fosså, S. D., & Edvardsen, H. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.04.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“In general, inflammation has also been linked to fibrosis (Stramer et al., 2007).”
Chi, Y.-G., He, P., Lei, L. S., Lan, Y., Hu, J.-G., Meng, Y., & Hu, L.-N. (2018) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.8685 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Inflammation is one of the causes of fibrosis (37,38).”
BackgroundNauta, A., Larson, B. J., Longaker, M. T., & Lorenz, H. P. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-381422-7.10006-9 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Liu, X., Xu, M., Fan, S.-T., Wu, Z., Li, J., Yang, X., Wang, Y., Xu, J. Y., & Zhang, Z. (2013) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2012.486 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Inflammation, Mitochondria and Natural Compounds Together in the Circle of Trust
Nesci, S., Spagnoletta, A., & Oppedisano, F. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24076106 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The first cells attracted to an injury site are neutrophils, followed by monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, NK cells, T cells, B cells), and mast cells [34].”
BackgroundSaw, V. P. J., Offiah, I., Dart, R., GALATOWICZ, G. E., Dart, J. K. G., Daniels, J. T., & Calder, V. L. (2009) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.090579 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Inhibition of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway promotes regenerative repair of cutaneous and cartilage injury
Bastakoty, D., Saraswati, S., Cates, J., Lee, E. N., Nanney, L. B., & Young, P. P. (2015) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.15-275941 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Because inflammation at early stages of repair is considered an important determinant of subsequent fibrosis (37), we tested the effect of Wnt inhibition on inflammation.”
BackgroundMeyer, M., Müller, A., Yang, J., Šulcová, J., & Werner, S. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings · doi:10.1038/jidsymp.2011.1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
β-Adrenergic receptor modulation of wound repair
Pullar, C. E., Manabat-Hidalgo, C. G., BOLAJI, R., & Isseroff, R. R. (2008) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2008.07.012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Yates, C., Bodnar, R., & Wells, A. (2011) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-011-0663-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Additionally, inflammation seen in fibrotic wounds may exert a dominant effect, including collateral damage inflicted on otherwise healthy cells and tissue, which in turn causes continued remodeling and excessive scarring [99, 100].”
BackgroundRelease of TNF‐α from macrophages is mediated by small GTPase Rab37
Mori, R., Ikematsu, K., Kitaguchi, T., Kim, S. E., Okamoto, M., Chiba, T., Miyawaki, A., Shimokawa, I., & Tsuboi, T. (2011) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201141640 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationProfibrotic Phenotype of Conjunctival Fibroblasts from Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Saw, V. P. J., Schmidt, E., Offiah, I., GALATOWICZ, G. E., Zillikens, D., Dart, J. K. G., Calder, V. L., & Daniels, J. T. (2011) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.013 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Connexin43 Carboxyl-Terminal Peptide ACT1 Modulates the Biological Response to Silicone Implants
Soder, B. L., Propst, J. T., Brooks, T. M., Goodwin, R. L., Friedman, H. I., Yost, M. J., & Gourdie, R. G. (2009) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181a0741d · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Gerecke, D. R., Chen, M., Isukapalli, S., Gordon, M. K., Chang, Y., Tong, W., Androulakis, I. P., & Georgopoulos, P. G. (2008) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2008.09.020 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“It will be interesting to see whether the inflammatory cell population follows a defined progression fromneutrophils tomacrophages tomast cells over time as is true for the incisional wound model (Stramer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundDemircan, T., Ovezmyradov, G., Yıldırım, B., Keskin, İ., İlhan, A. E., Fesçioğlu, E. C., Öztürk, G., & Yıldırım, S. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29373-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Martin, P. B., & Feng, Y. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/459921a · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationVerma, D., Okhawilai, M., Nangan, S., Thakur, V. K., Gopi, S., Kanagaraj, K., Sharma, M., & Uyama, H. (2024) · Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects · doi:10.1016/j.nanoso.2023.101086 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stramer, B. M., Mori, R., & Martin, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Stramer, Brian M.
- Venue
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1009-1017
- ISSN
- 0022-202X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996789266
- Cited by
- 251
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Investigative Dermatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Fibrosis and Remodeling
- Keywords
- wound healing, skin fibrosis, inflammation, inflammatory cells, scar formation, tissue repair, pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, fibrosis resolution, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood Cells, Cicatrix, Fibrosis, Humans, Inflammation, Liver Cirrhosis, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Skin, Wound Healing
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