Confirmation of association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a dopamine transporter polymorphism.
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common condition of childhood the symptoms of which include inattention, excessive motor activity, inpulsivity and distractibility. It is strongly familial and twin and adoption studies suggest that the familiality is due, at least in part, to shared genes. Gillis et al found concordance rates in ADHD for MZ and DZ twins of 81% and 29% respectively. Stimulant drugs (eg, methylphenidate) are effective in the treatment of ADHD and inhibit the dopamine transporter. This has led to the development of a hypodopaminergic hypothesis for the disease. Cook et al examined a 3' variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism at the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) in a sample of 49 ADHD patients and their parents, using the haplotype relative risk (HRR) method. They found a significant association (chi 2 = 7.29, 1 d.f., P = 0.007) between ADHD and the 480-bp DAT1 VNTR allele. The authors stressed the importance of independent replication and we have achieved this in a study of 40 probands and their parents, using the same robust HRR method. As in the study of Cook et al we found that the 480-bp allele was preferentially transmitted to ADHD probands (chi 2 = 6.07, 1 d.f., P = 0.014).
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Dopaminergic hypofunction is thought to play an important role in the etiology of ADHD.
“The neurobiological underpinnings of ADHD are not well established; however, dopaminergic hypofunction is thought to play an important role in the etiology of this disorder (Hynd et al., 1993; Gill et al., 1997; Waldman et al., 1998; Russell, 2003; Bush et al., 2005; Sagvolden et al., 2005b).”
From The Effects of Methylphenidate on Goal-directed Behavior in a Rat Model of ADHD (2015) · cites this paper as Gill et al., 1997
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dopamine and the regulation of cognition and attention
Nieoullon, A. (2002) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(02)00011-4 · Cited by 1,131 · see citing works
Vaidya, C. J., Austin, G., Kirkorian, G., Ridlehuber, H. W., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14494 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00240-6 · Cited by 811 · see citing works
Solanto, M. V. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00175-7 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders
Comings, D. E., & Blum, K. (2000) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(00)26022-6 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Waldman, I. D., Rowe, D. C., Abramowitz, A., Kozel, S. T., Mohr, J. H., Sherman, S. L., Cleveland, H. H., Sanders, M. L., Gard, J. M. C., & Stever, C. (1998) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302132 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
DIAMOND, A. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050388 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
The Dopamine Transporter and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Madras, B. K., Miller, G. M., & Fischman, A. J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.011 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., & Ding, Y.-S. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.006 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01851.x · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Mill, J., Asherson, P., Browes, C., D'Souza, U., & Craig, I. (2002) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.10948 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Meyer, J. R., Lei, Z., Trommer, B. L., Davenport, N. D., Li, W., Parrish, T. B., Gitelman, D. R., & Marsel Mesulam, M. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00337.x · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Ernst, M., Zametkin, A. J., Matochik, J. A., Jons, P. H., & Cohen, R. M. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-15-05901.1998 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
The Nature and Heritability of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Faraone, S. V., & Doyle, A. E. (2001) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30059-2 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Adoptive and Biological Families of Children and Adolescents With ADHD
SPRICH, S., BIEDERMAN, J., CRAWFORD, M. H., MUNDY, E., & FARAONE, S. V. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200011000-00018 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Dresel, S., Krause, J., Krause, K.-H., LaFougere, C., Brinkbäumer, K., Kung, H. F., Hahn, K., & Tatsch, K. (2000) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s002590000330 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Bakker, S. C., Meulen, E. M. V. D., Buitelaar, J. K., Sandkuijl, L. A., Pauls, D. L., Monsuur, A. J., Slot, R. V. ‘., Minderaa, R. B., Gunning, W. B., Pearson, P. L., et al. (2003) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/375143 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome
Oscar Berman, M., Blum, K., Chen, T. J., Braverman, E., Waite, R., Downs, W., Arcuri, V., Notaro, A., Palomo, T., & Comings (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s2627 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“Using the family based haplotype relative risk procedure, Gill et al (1997) also found a signifi cant preferential transmission of the 10 allele in 40 parent-child sets.”
MethodBellgrove, M. A., Hawi, Z., Kirley, A., Gill, M., & Robertson, I. H. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.011 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationCornish, K. M., Manly, T., Savage, R., Swanson, J., Morisano, D., Butler, N., Grant, C., Cross, G., Bentley, L., & Hollis, C. P. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001641 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Ogdie, M. N., Macphie, I. L., Minassian, S. L., Yang, M., Fisher, S. E., Francks, C., Cantor, R. M., McCracken, J. T., McGough, J. J., Nelson, S. F., et al. (2003) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/375139 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
SULLIVAN, M. A., & RUDNIK‐LEVIN, F. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05783.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Evidence for a mechanistic model of cognitive control
Casey, B. J., Durston, S., & Fossella, J. A. (2001) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s1566-2772(01)00013-5 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene variants associated with ADHD
Sheehan, K., Lowe, N., Kirley, A., Mullins, C., Fitzgerald, M., Gill, M., & Hawi, Z. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001698 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationOgdie, M. N., Fisher, S. E., Yang, M., Ishii, J., Francks, C., Loo, S. K., Cantor, R. M., McCracken, J. T., McGough, J. J., Smalley, S. L., et al. (2004) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/424387 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Trinh, J. V., Nehrenberg, D. L., Jacobsen, J. P. R., Caron, M. G., & Wetsel, W. C. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00165-9 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
SPECT and PET of the dopamine transporter in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Krause, J. (2008) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.8.4.611 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
DRD4 and DAT1 polymorphisms modulate human gamma band responses
Demiralp, T., Herrmann, C. S., Erdal, M. E., Ergenoglu, T., Keskin, Y. H., Ergen, M., & Beydagi, H. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl011 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Adult ADHD and Substance Abuse: Diagnostic and Treatment Issues
Kalbag, A. S., & Levin, F. R. (2005) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080500294858 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Bupropion Treatment for Cocaine Abuse and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Levin, F. R., Evans, S. M., McDowell, D. M., Brooks, D. J., & Nunes, E. (2002) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v21n02_01 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Bellgrove, M. A., Hawi, Z., Gill, M., & Robertson, I. H. (2006) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70426-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormal striatal BOLD responses to reward anticipation and reward delivery in ADHD
Furukawa, E., Bado, P., Tripp, G., Mattos, P., Wickens, J. R., Bramati, I. E., Alsop, B., Ferreira, F. M., Lima, D., Tovar-Moll, F., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089129 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Pharmacogenomics
McGough, J. J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.021 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Review: Genetics of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Wallis, D., Russell, H. F., & Muenke, M. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn049 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Dopaminergic system genes in childhood aggression: Possible role for DRD2
Zai, C. C., Ehtesham, S., Choi, E., Nowrouzi, B., de Luca, V., Stankovich, L., Davidge, K., Freeman, N., King, N., Kennedy, J. L., et al. (2012) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2010.543431 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The Evolution of ADHD: A Disorder of Communication?
Baird, J., Stevenson, J. C., & Williams, D. C. (2000) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/393256 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Why children with ADHD do not have low IQs
Schuck, S. E. B., & Crinella, F. M. (2005) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194050380030701 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Developmental Pathways to Substance Abuse
Mayes, L. C., & Suchman, N. E. (2015) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9780470939406.ch16 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders
Wilson, J. J., & Levin, F. R. (2001) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-001-0044-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gizer, I. R., & Waldman, I. D. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028225 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Decision making: effects of methylphenidate on temporal discounting in nonhuman primates
Rajala, A. Z., Jenison, R. L., & Populin, L. C. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00278.2015 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Effects of Methylphenidate on Goal-directed Behavior in a Rat Model of ADHD
Natsheh, J. Y., & Shiflett, M. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00326 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gill, M., Daly, G., Heron, S., Hawi, Z., & Fitzgerald, M.
- Affiliations
- St. James's Hospital (IE)
- Venue
- Molecular Psychiatry
- Published
- 1997-07-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 311-313
- ISSN
- 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5578
- OpenAlex
- W1964767493
- Cited by
- 482
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 25.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dopamine transporter, DAT1 gene, VNTR polymorphism, genetic association, haplotype relative risk, transmission to offspring, replication study
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Carrier Proteins, Child, Female, Genotype, Haplotypes, Humans, Ireland, Male, Membrane Glycoproteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Polymorphism, Genetic, Membrane Transport Proteins, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review