The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The plasmon band in noble metal nanoparticles: an introduction to theory and applications
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles chemistry is a domain in rapid expansion, as those objects lead to interesting applications in the fields of catalysis, biosensing, electronics and optics. Because of their structure, intermediate between that of molecules and of bulk material, they enable to bridge the gap between molecular chemistry and surface science. In particular, their optical properties, known since antiquity, have already shown a part of their potential and further major discoveries can reasonably be expected. Their most insightful optical properties rely on a strong absorption in the visible spectrum, called the plasmon band, that colloidal solutions of gold, silver or copper feature. Herein we wish to present a comprehensible overview of the fundamentals of the theories explaining the phenomenon dedicated to chemists seeking an introduction to those features. We will also give a brief review of the recently published body of relevant literature with reference to the aforementioned theory.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2020) · Electromagnetic Processes · doi:10.2307/j.ctv131bv37.5 · Cited by 21,966
Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles
Bohren, C. F., & Huffman, D. R. (1998) · doi:10.1002/9783527618156 · Cited by 18,474
Daniel, M.-C., & Astruc, D. (2004) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr030698+ · Cited by 12,446
Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen
Mie, G. (1908) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.19083300302 · Cited by 11,537
Kelly, K. L., Coronado, E., Zhao, L. L., & Schatz, G. C. (2003) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp026731y · Cited by 10,594
Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Nie, S., & Emory, S. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5303.1102 · Cited by 10,238
Optical Properties of Metal Clusters
Kreibig, U., & Vollmer, M. (1995) · Springer Series in Materials Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-09109-8 · Cited by 7,896
Single Molecule Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
Kneipp, K., Wang, Y., Kneipp, H., Perelman, L. T., Itzkan, I., Dasari, R. R., & Feld, M. S. (1997) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.78.1667 · Cited by 6,816
A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials
Mirkin, C. A., Letsinger, R. L., Mucic, R. C., & Storhoff, J. J. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382607a0 · Cited by 6,683
Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles
Sun, Y., & Xia, Y. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1077229 · Cited by 6,506
Nanostructures in Biodiagnostics
Rosi, N. L., & Mirkin, C. A. (2005) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr030067f · Cited by 4,603
Elghanian, R., Storhoff, J. J., Mucic, R. C., Letsinger, R. L., & Mirkin, C. A. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5329.1078 · Cited by 4,399
XII. Colours in metal glasses and in metallic films
Garnett, J. C. M. (1904) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character · doi:10.1098/rsta.1904.0024 · Cited by 4,373
A Hybridization Model for the Plasmon Response of Complex Nanostructures
Prodan, E., Radloff, C., Halas, N. J., & Nordlander, P. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089171 · Cited by 4,001
Surface Plasmon Spectroscopy of Nanosized Metal Particles
Mulvaney, P. (1996) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la9502711 · Cited by 3,681
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Campion, A., & Kambhampati, P. (1998) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/a827241z · Cited by 3,401
Photoinduced Conversion of Silver Nanospheres to Nanoprisms
Jin, R., Cao, Y., Mirkin, C. A., Kelly, K. L., Schatz, G. C., & Zheng, J. G. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1066541 · Cited by 3,384
The use of nanocrystals in biological detection
Alivisatos, P. (2004) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt927 · Cited by 3,008
Size and Temperature Dependence of the Plasmon Absorption of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles
Link, S., & El-Sayed, M. A. (1999) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp984796o · Cited by 2,787
Nanoparticles, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids: Biotechnology Meets Materials Science
Niemeyer, C. M. (2001) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20011119)40:22<4128::aid-anie4128>3.0.co;2-s · Cited by 2,452
Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors
Homola, J. (2003) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-003-2101-0 · Cited by 2,321
Storhoff, J. J., Elghanian, R., Mucic, R. C., Mirkin, C. A., & Letsinger, R. L. (1998) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja972332i · Cited by 2,271
Ultrasensitive Chemical Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy
Kneipp, K., Kneipp, H., Itzkan, I., Dasari, R. R., & Feld, M. S. (1999) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr980133r · Cited by 2,181
X. The Bakerian Lecture. —Experimental relations of gold (and other metals) to light
Faraday, M. (1857) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London · doi:10.1098/rstl.1857.0011 · Cited by 2,123
Haes, A. J., & Van Duyne, R. P. (2002) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja020393x · Cited by 2,057
Synthesis of Nanosized Gold−Silica Core−Shell Particles
Liz-Marzán, L. M., Giersig, M., & Mulvaney, P. (1996) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la9601871 · Cited by 1,863
Henglein, A. (1993) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100123a004 · Cited by 1,726
Controlling anisotropic nanoparticle growth through plasmon excitation
Jin, R., Charles Cao, Y., Hao, E., Métraux, G. S., Schatz, G. C., & Mirkin, C. A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02020 · Cited by 1,674
Room Temperature, High-Yield Synthesis of Multiple Shapes of Gold Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution
Sau, T. K., & Murphy, C. J. (2004) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja047846d · Cited by 1,583
Link, S., Mohamed, M. B., & El-Sayed, M. A. (1999) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp990183f · Cited by 1,563
Optical properties of two interacting gold nanoparticles
Rechberger, W., Hohenau, A., Leitner, A., Krenn, J. R., Lamprecht, B., & Aussenegg, F. R. (2003) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/s0030-4018(03)01357-9 · Cited by 1,483
Link, S., Wang, Z. L., & El-Sayed, M. A. (1999) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp990387w · Cited by 1,398
What Controls the Melting Properties of DNA-Linked Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies?
Jin, R., Wu, G., Li, Z., Mirkin, C. A., & Schatz, G. C. (2003) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja021096v · Cited by 1,359
Optical Absorption Spectra of Nanocrystal Gold Molecules
Alvarez, M. M., Khoury, J. T., Schaaff, T. G., Shafigullin, M. N., Vezmar, I., & Whetten, R. L. (1997) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp962922n · Cited by 1,351
Li, H., & Rothberg, L. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0406115101 · Cited by 1,342
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Individual Rhodamine 6G Molecules on Large Ag Nanocrystals
Michaels, A. M., Nirmal, M., & Brus, L. E. (1999) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja992128q · Cited by 1,320
VII. Colours in metal glasses, in metallic films, and in metallic solutions.—II
Garnett, J. C. M. (1906) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character · doi:10.1098/rsta.1906.0007 · Cited by 1,246
Dumbbell-like Bifunctional Au−Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
Yu, H., Chen, M., Rice, P. M., Wang, S. X., White, R. L., & Sun, S. (2005) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl047955q · Cited by 1,222
Optical absorption of small metallic particles
Kreibig, U., & Genzel, L. (1985) · Surface Science · doi:10.1016/0039-6028(85)90239-0 · Cited by 1,213
What Controls the Optical Properties of DNA-Linked Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies?
Storhoff, J. J., Lazarides, A. A., Mucic, R. C., Mirkin, C. A., Letsinger, R. L., & Schatz, G. C. (2000) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja993825l · Cited by 1,182
Malinsky, M. D., Kelly, K. L., Schatz, G. C., & Van Duyne, R. P. (2001) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja003312a · Cited by 1,078
Seed-Mediated Synthesis of Gold Nanorods: Role of the Size and Nature of the Seed
Gole, A., & Murphy, C. J. (2004) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm0492336 · Cited by 974
Colloidal Au-Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance for Ultrasensitive Detection of DNA Hybridization
He, L., Musick, M. D., Nicewarner, S. R., Salinas, F. G., Benkovic, S. J., Natan, M. J., & Keating, C. D. (2000) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja001215b · Cited by 932
Nath, N., & Chilkoti, A. (2002) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac015657x · Cited by 918
Reversible Tuning of Silver Quantum Dot Monolayers Through the Metal-Insulator Transition
Collier, C. P., Saykally, R. J., Shiang, J. J., Henrichs, S. E., & Heath, J. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5334.1978 · Cited by 865
Gold as a novel catalyst in the 21st century: Preparation, working mechanism and applications
Haruta, M. (2004) · Gold Bulletin · doi:10.1007/bf03215514 · Cited by 830
Silver nanoparticle array structures that produce remarkably narrow plasmon lineshapes
Zou, S., Janel, N., & Schatz, G. C. (2004) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1760740 · Cited by 771
Observation of a Quadrupole Plasmon Mode for a Colloidal Solution of Gold Nanoprisms
Millstone, J. E., Park, S., Shuford, K. L., Qin, L., Schatz, G. C., & Mirkin, C. A. (2005) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja043245a · Cited by 756
Effect of the Solution Refractive Index on the Color of Gold Colloids
Underwood, S., & Mulvaney, P. (1994) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la00022a011 · Cited by 720
The limitation of electron mean free path in small silver particles
Kreibig, U., & Fragstein, C. V. (1969) · Zeitschrift f�r Physik · doi:10.1007/bf01393059 · Cited by 703
Der Lichtdruck auf Kugeln von beliebigem Material
Debye, P. (1909) · Annalen der Physik · doi:10.1002/andp.19093351103 · Cited by 679
A Whole Blood Immunoassay Using Gold Nanoshells
Hirsch, L. R., Jackson, J. B., Lee, A., Halas, N. J., & West, J. L. (2003) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac0262210 · Cited by 676
A unified view of propagating and localized surface plasmon resonance biosensors
Haes, A. J., & Van Duyne, R. P. (2004) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-004-2708-9 · Cited by 666
Rapid Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles Induced by Non-Cross-Linking DNA Hybridization
Sato, K., Hosokawa, K., & Maeda, M. (2003) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja034876s · Cited by 663
Li, & Rothberg, L. J. (2004) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja048749n · Cited by 663
Sun, Y., & Xia, Y. (2002) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac0258352 · Cited by 605
Selective Detection of Cysteine and Glutathione Using Gold Nanorods
Sudeep, P. K., Joseph, S. T. S., & Thomas, K. G. (2005) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja051145e · Cited by 596
Henglein, A. (1998) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm970613j · Cited by 572
Synthesis and Optical Properties of “Branched” Gold Nanocrystals
Hao, E., Bailey, R. C., Schatz, G. C., Hupp, J. T., & Li, S. (2004) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl0351542 · Cited by 551
Metallodielectric Colloidal Core−Shell Particles for Photonic Applications
Graf, C., & van Blaaderen, A. (2002) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la011093g · Cited by 547
Nath, N., & Chilkoti, A. (2004) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac049741z · Cited by 514
Foss, C. A., Hornyak, G. L., Stockert, J. A., & Martin, C. R. (1994) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100062a037 · Cited by 505
Yang, W.-H., Schatz, G. C., & Van Duyne, R. P. (1995) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.469787 · Cited by 495
Homogeneous, Nanoparticle-Based Quantitative Colorimetric Detection of Oligonucleotides
Reynolds, R. A., Mirkin, C. A., & Letsinger, R. L. (2000) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja000133k · Cited by 440
Controlled Synthesis of Monodisperse Silver Nanocubes in Water
Yu, D., & Yam, V. W.-W. (2004) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja046037r · Cited by 412
Baker, G. A., & Moore, D. S. (2005) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-005-3353-7 · Cited by 409
Surface-plasmon dispersion and size dependence of Mie resonance: Silver versus simple metals
Liebsch, A. (1993) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.48.11317 · Cited by 372
Shadow Nanosphere Lithography: Simulation and Experiment
Kosiorek, A., Kandulski, W., Chudzinski, P., Kempa, K., & Giersig, M. (2004) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl049361t · Cited by 367
Tokareva, I., Minko, S., Fendler, J. H., & Hutter, E. (2004) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja044575y · Cited by 359
Oubre, C., & Nordlander, P. (2004) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp0473164 · Cited by 316
Futamata, M., Maruyama, Y., & Ishikawa, M. (2003) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp022399e · Cited by 311
Tamura, M., & Fujihara, H. (2003) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja0369055 · Cited by 302
Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanostructures
Wiley, B., Sun, Y., Chen, J., Cang, H., Li, Z.-Y., Li, X., & Xia, Y. (2005) · MRS Bulletin · doi:10.1557/mrs2005.98 · Cited by 298
Tuning the Size of Silver Nanodisks with Similar Aspect Ratios: Synthesis and Optical Properties
Maillard, M., Giorgio, S., & Pileni, M.-P. (2003) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp022357q · Cited by 298
Recognition of Potassium Ion in Water by 15-Crown-5 Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
Lin, S.-Y., Liu, S.-W., Lin, C.-M., & Chen, C.-H. (2002) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac0156316 · Cited by 293
Blue shift of the Mie plasma frequency in Ag clusters and particles
Tiggesbäumker, J., Köller, L., Meiwes-Broer, K.-H., & Liebsch, A. (1993) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.48.r1749 · Cited by 285
Gold Nanoshells on Polystyrene Cores for Control of Surface Plasmon Resonance
Shi, W., Sahoo, Y., Swihart, M. T., & Prasad, P. N. (2005) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la047628y · Cited by 264
Stable, Monolayer-Protected Metal Alloy Clusters
Hostetler, M. J., Zhong, C.-J., Yen, B. K. H., Anderegg, J., Gross, S. M., Evans, N. D., Porter, M., & Murray, R. W. (1998) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja981454n · Cited by 260
Linnert, T., Mulvaney, P., & Henglein, A. (1993) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100105a024 · Cited by 243
Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Sequence Using Plasmonics Nanoprobes
Wabuyele, M. B., & Vo-Dinh, T. (2005) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac0514671 · Cited by 236
Plasmonic Properties of Concentric Nanoshells
Radloff, C., & Halas, N. J. (2004) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl049597x · Cited by 220
Grady, N. K., Halas, N. J., & Nordlander, P. (2004) · Chemical Physics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.09.154 · Cited by 218
Recent developments in nanomaterial optical sensors
Shi, J., Zhu, Y., Zhang, X., Baeyens, W. R. G., & Garcı́a-Campaña, A. M. (2004) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0165-9936(04)00519-9 · Cited by 185
Reduced Symmetry Metallodielectric Nanoparticles: Chemical Synthesis and Plasmonic Properties
Charnay, C., Lee, A., Man, S.-Q., Moran, C. E., Radloff, C., Bradley, R. K., & Halas, N. J. (2003) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp034309r · Cited by 174
Giant resonances in silver-cluster photofragmentation
Tiggesbäumker, J., Köller, L., Lutz, H. O., & Meiwes-Broer, K. H. (1992) · Chemical Physics Letters · doi:10.1016/0009-2614(92)86099-4 · Cited by 169
Electromagnetic coupling between a metal nanoparticle grating and a metallic surface
Césario, J., Quidant, R., Badenes, G., & Enoch, S. (2005) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.30.003404 · Cited by 142
Composition-Controlled Synthesis of Bimetallic Gold−Silver Nanoparticles
Kariuki, N. N., Luo, J., Maye, M. M., Hassan, S. A., Menard, T., Naslund, H. R., Lin, Y., Wang, C., Engelhard, M., & Zhong, C. (2004) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la048438q · Cited by 136
Heterogeneous Growth of Metal Clusters from Solutions of Seed Nanoparticles
Wilcoxon, J. P., & Provencio, P. P. (2004) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja031622y · Cited by 136
Copper in glazes of Renaissance luster pottery: Nanoparticles, ions, and local environment
Padovani, S., Sada, C., Mazzoldi, P., Brunetti, B. G., Borgia, I., Sgamellotti, A., Giulivi, A., d’Acapito, F., & Battaglin, G. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1571965 · Cited by 132
Chen, K., Leona, M., Vo‐Dinh, K., Yan, F., Wabuyele, M. B., & Vo‐Dinh, T. (2006) · Journal of Raman Spectroscopy · doi:10.1002/jrs.1426 · Cited by 127
Surface enhanced Raman scattering for narcotic detection and applications to chemical biology
Ryder, A. G. (2005) · Current Opinion in Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.07.001 · Cited by 109
Chen, K., Leona, M., Vo-Dinh, K.-C., Yan, F., Wabuyele, M. B., & Vo‐Dinh, T. (2005) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.639103 · Cited by 99
Probing Single Molecules in Single Living Cells
Byassee, T. A., Chan, W. C. W., & Nie, S. (2000) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac000705j · Cited by 79
Multipolar plasmon resonances in supported silver particles: The case of Ag/α−Al2O3(0001)
Lazzari, R., Roux, S., Simonsen, I., Jupille, J., Bedeaux, D., & Vlieger, J. (2002) · Physical review. B, Condensed matter · doi:10.1103/physrevb.65.235424 · Cited by 77
Osterloh, F. E., Hiramatsu, H., Porter, R., & Guo, T. (2004) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la0348719 · Cited by 72
Nanocrystals: fabrication, organization and collective properties
Pileni, M. P. (2003) · Comptes Rendus Chimie · doi:10.1016/j.crci.2003.07.007 · Cited by 56
Cited by
Nam, J., Son, S., Ochyl, L. J., Kuai, R., Schwendeman, A., & Moon, J. J. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03473-9 · Cited by 808
Towards highly efficient photocatalysts using semiconductor nanoarchitectures
Zhou, H., Qu, Y., Zeid, T., & Duan, X. (2012) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c2ee03447f · Cited by 507
Wu, X., Song, Y., Yan, X., Zhu, C., Ma, Y., Du, D., & Lin, Y. (2017) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.010 · Cited by 328
Copper‐Based Plasmonic Catalysis: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Xin, Y., Yu, K., Zhang, L., Yang, Y., Yuan, H., Li, H., Wang, L., & Zeng, J. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202008145 · Cited by 319
Microbial mediated preparation, characterization and optimization of gold nanoparticles
Barabadi, H., Honary, S., Ebrahimi, P., Mohammadi, M. A., Alizadeh, A., & Naghibi, F. (2014) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1590/s1517-83822014000400046 · Cited by 104
Metadata
- Authors
- Moores, A., & Goettmann, F.
- Venue
- New Journal of Chemistry
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1121
- ISSN
- 0398-9836 (ISSN-L)
- 1144-0546
- 1369-9261
- OpenAlex
- W2103348339
- Cited by
- 665
- References
- 96
- FWCI
- 11.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
