Cited by 284Phytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesFood Science and Nutritional StudiesSeed and Plant Biochemistry

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Functional properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) phytochemicals and bioactives

Roberts, Joseph L., Moreau, Régis·2016·Food & Function

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Abstract

Overwhelming evidence indicates that diets rich in fruits and vegetables are protective against common chronic diseases, such as cancer, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Leafy green vegetables, in particular, are recognized as having substantial health-promoting activities that are attributed to the functional properties of their nutrients and non-essential chemical compounds. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is widely regarded as a functional food due to its diverse nutritional composition, which includes vitamins and minerals, and to its phytochemicals and bioactives that promote health beyond basic nutrition. Spinach-derived phytochemicals and bioactives are able to (i) scavenge reactive oxygen species and prevent macromolecular oxidative damage, (ii) modulate expression and activity of genes involved in metabolism, proliferation, inflammation, and antioxidant defence, and (iii) curb food intake by inducing secretion of satiety hormones. These biological activities contribute to the anti-cancer, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties of spinach. Despite these valuable attributes, spinach consumption remains low in comparison to other leafy green vegetables. This review examines the functional properties of spinach in cell culture, animals and humans with a focus on the molecular mechanisms by which spinach-derived non-essential phytochemicals and bioactives, such as glycolipids and thylakoids, impart their health benefits.

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Nurymkhan, G., Нургазезова, А. Н., Tumenova, G., Atambayeva, Z., Муслимова, Н. Р., Kulushtayeva, B., Zhakupbekova, S. K., Bakirova, L., Камбарова, А. С., & Курметовна, О. Э. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15179556 · Cited by 5
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Sushmitha, M., Dubey, P. K., Mishra, A., & Shukla, R. N. (2025) · Food Innovation and Advances · doi:10.48130/fia-0025-0049 · Cited by 5
Preference and performance of the generalist aphid Myzus persicae on closely and distantly related plant species
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A Review on Thrombolysis Enhancing Indian Edible Plants
Jain, V., Kunwar, B., & Verma, S. K. (2023) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/2709 · Cited by 8
Spinacia Oleracea: Exploring the Therapeutic Potential in Persian Medicine and Modern Pharmacology
Akbari, F., Mollaei, M., Argani, P., Daneshfard, B., & Derakhshan, A. R. (2024) · Current Drug Discovery Technologies · doi:10.2174/0115701638275971240201060710 · Cited by 5
Spinach to the Rescue: Unveiling the Antibacterial and Anticancer Potential of Biogenic Zinc-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles
Arun, K., Shobana, G., Gayathri, V., Kumar, Е. R., Saravanakumar, M., Alam, P., Reddy, V. R. M., & Kim, W. K. (2025) · Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials · doi:10.1007/s10904-025-03660-4 · Cited by 5
“Individuals often ingest the leaves and stems of the plant, either in their uncooked state or after being prepared as food, as a source of vegetables [18, 19].”
Distinct Morphological and Analytical Features ofSpinacia oleraceaDifferentiating from Conventional Spinach Plants
Kureshi, A. A., Ghoshal, S., Adsare, S., Saste, G., Mirgal, A., Girme, A., & Hingorani, L. (2023) · ACS Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00300 · Cited by 5
Evaluating the effectiveness of different household washing techniques for removal of insecticides from spinach and chickpea leaves by micellar liquid chromatography
Bhamdare, H., Pahade, P., Bose, D., Durgbanshi, A., Carda‐Broch, S., & Péris-Vicente, J. (2024) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465043 · Cited by 5
Metabolomics of Acute vs. Chronic Spinach Intake in an Apc–Mutant Genetic Background: Linoleate and Butanoate Metabolites Targeting HDAC Activity and IFN–γ Signaling
Chen, Y., Li, J., Neja, S. A., Kapoor, S., Perez, J. T., Tripathi, C., Menon, R., Jayaraman, A., Lee, K., Dashwood, W. M., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11030573 · Cited by 5
Increased vegetable and fruit intake is associated with reduced failure rate of tuberculosis treatment: a hospital-based cohort study in China
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“Importantly, a large body of epidemiological evidence suggests that certain types of vegetables, particularly cruciferous vegetables (e.g. cauliflower, radish), dark-green leafy vegetables (e.g. celery (43) , oilseed rape, spinach (44) , swamp cabbage) have substantial health-promoting activities.”
Microplastics in agroecosystems: Sources of food crop contamination, detection challenges, and sustainable remediation strategies
Edirisingha, I. P., Undugoda, L. J. S., Manage, P. M., Lankasena, N., Patabendige, C., Nugara, R. N., Macreadie, P. I., & Bhadury, P. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.107929 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Commercial Freezing on Vitamin Concentrations in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
Samsel, K., & Meghani, A. (2021) · Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences · doi:10.33137/juls.v15i1.37032 · Cited by 4
Improving quality parameters of spinach by adjusting light spectra under moderate water deprivation conditions
Zargar, T. B., Basal, O., & Veres, S. (2023) · Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca · doi:10.15835/nbha51413325 · Cited by 4
Validation of an Analytical Method of 3′,4′,5-Trihydroxy-3-Methoxy-6,7-Methylenedioxyflavone 4′-Glucuronide for Standardization of Spinacia oleracea
Son, Y. G., Jung, J., Lee, D., Park, S. W., Kim, J. Y., & Kim, H. J. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29112494 · Cited by 4
“Recent studies have highlighted the association between phytochemicals found in spinach and several health benefits [6].”
Background
Hydroponics vs Soil: An in-Depth Assessment of Morpho-physiological Traits in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
Gaikwad, D. J., Sahu, C., Prasanth, S. P. S., Divya, B. K., Atta, K., Jaswanth, D. S., & Mahapatra, A. (2024) · Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal · doi:10.18805/ag.d-5928 · Cited by 4
Effect of LED Irradiation with Different Red-to-Blue Light Ratios on Growth and Functional Compound Accumulations in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Accessions and Wild Relatives
Le, T. M., Sago, Y., Ibaraki, Y., Harada, K., Arai, K., Ishizaki, Y., Aoki, H., Abdelrahman, M., Kik, C., van Treuren, R., et al. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14050700 · Cited by 4
“Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) is widely regarded as an important food crop due to its rich nutritional composition, which includes vitamins and minerals, as well as phytochemicals and bioactive compounds that promote health benefits beyond essential nutrition [2,3].”
Impact of Plasma-Activated Water Treatment on Quality and Shelf-Life of Fresh Spinach Leaves Evaluated by Comprehensive Metabolomic Analysis
Rangel-Huerta, Ó. D., Ivanova, L., Uhlig, S., Sivertsvik, M., Sone, I., Fernández, E. N., & Fæste, C. K. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10123067 · Cited by 5
“) has a high content of vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, fibres and proteins [1,2].”
Background
Poshan Vatika (Nutri-Gardens) at Anganwadi centers—Holistic approach by Government of India towards nutritional security
Londhe, D. J. (2023) · Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences · doi:10.4103/jdras.jdras_137_22 · Cited by 4
Thylakoids: A Novel Food-Derived Supplement for Obesity – A Mini-Review
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Sweet potato lipids
Mu, T., & Zhang, M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813637-9.00006-5 · Cited by 4
Spinacia oleracea L. extract attenuates hippocampal expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in rats exposed to chronic restraint stress.
Pezeshki-Nia, S., Asle‐Rousta, M., & Mahmazi, S. (2020) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.34171/mjiri.34.10 · Cited by 4
“that is rich in flavonoids, phenolic components, carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals has been used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herb, hepatoprotective, and anticancer agent (19-21).”
Background
Discovery of Urinary Biomarkers of Spinach Consumption Using Untargeted LC‐MS Metabolomics in a Human Intervention Trial
Xi, M., Barbera, G. L., Eriksen, J. N., Prahm, A. P., Jeppesen, P. B., & Dragsted, L. O. (2022) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202100260 · Cited by 4
Comparative profiling of 72 quinoa varieties reveals superior nutritional quality, bio-active petrochemicals, and sensory acceptability for functional leafy vegetable applications
Ding, P., Wang, R., Noor, H., Chen, Q., Ji, B., Tao, J., Yan, X., Li, X., Lv, H., Wu, X., et al. (2025) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-025-07779-x · Cited by 3
“Total flavonoids content (TF) was measured by the aluminum chloride colorimetric method described by [17].”
Nitrogen-Enriched Nanobiochar Enhances Spinach Growth via Improved Nitrogen Retention and Uptake Mechanisms
Kashaf, Anwar, S., Shafiq, F., Kausar, A., Shahbaz, K., Ashraf, M., & Shah, S. A. (2026) · Nitrogen · doi:10.3390/nitrogen7010011 · Cited by 3
“Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) was selected as the test crop because it is a fast-growing leafy vegetable of high nutritional and economic importance [20,21].”
Evaluation for resistance of some spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivars against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica
Fatima, S., Asif, M., Ansari, T. A., Khan, F. A., Shariq, M., Khan, A., Ikram, M., & Siddiqui, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Biology · doi:10.22438/jeb/43/6/mrn-1988 · Cited by 3
Vegetable-Enriched Brownies: A Healthier Twist on a Classic Treat
Petka, K., & Topolska, K. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17010184 · Cited by 3
“It is high in dietary fiber and minerals like iron (34% RDI/100 g), calcium, and magnesium, supporting cholesterol control, weight management, and bone health [11,12].”
Freshness and spoilage indicators of spinach for waste valorization: a review
Işık, B. Ş., & Altay, F. (2025) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102171 · Cited by 4
Characterization and comparative analysis of saponins in various spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivars according to growing seasons
Lee, S., Kim, D.-Y., Jang, H., Oh, S. M., Kim, H., Ahn, J., Heo, I.-S., Yuk, H. J., Seo, E. K., Oh, S., et al. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145741 · Cited by 3
Dark Leafy Greens
Bunning, M., & Shackleton, E. (2022) · Food and health · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93240-4_6 · Cited by 3
Effect of spinach-derived glutathione against carbon tetrachloride-induced stress in rats
Abdulrazzaq, E. A., & Jameel, Q. Y. (2022) · Functional Foods in Health and Disease · doi:10.31989/ffhd.v12i8.972 · Cited by 3
Elemental content in under-utilized green leafy vegetables of urban waterbodies in Kolkata, India and their associated health risk
Jha, P., Sudarshan, M., Santra, S. C., & Dewanji, A. (2023) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105212 · Cited by 3
Organic Amendment for Disinfecting Soil Alters the Metabolites in Spinacia oleracea
Hernández-Lara, A., Ros, M., Giménez, A., Moreno, D. A., Galiano, F. J. D., Bueno, M. J. M., Lozano-Pastor, P., & Pascual, J. A. (2023) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture13122227 · Cited by 3
Antioxidant supplementation boosts the advantages of CrossFit workouts on oxidative and muscle damage markers in obese males
Nemati, M., Bozorgtabar, N., Hoteit, M., Sadek, Z., Almaqhawi, A., Rashidy‐Pour, A., Nemati, N., Rashidi, M., Karimi, N., Khademosharie, M., et al. (2024) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-024-00860-6 · Cited by 3
“It is hypothesized that these phytochemicals are responsible for spinach’s hypoglycemic, hypolipid-emic, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory qualities [22].”
Seed Priming With Colchicine Improves Morpho‐Anatomical, Fluorescent, and Biochemical Attributes in the Field‐Grown Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.)
Haider, M. W., Hussain, T., Abbas, S. M., Waseem, M., Akram, M. T., Nafees, M., Stanciu, A.-S., & Tutu, C. O. (2025) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/sci5/9345069 · Cited by 3
Bioactive Molecules, Nutraceuticals, and Functional Foods in Indian Vegetarian Diet and During Postpartum Healthcare
Arora, J., & Ramawat, K. G. (2018) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54528-8_71-1 · Cited by 3
Diet and Nutrition in Alzheimer’s Disease and Healthy Aging
Sharma, P., Gaur, V. K., & Srivastava, J. K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9636-6_10 · Cited by 3
Chemical Characterization and Anti-Radical Activity of Fruits and Vegetables Commonly Consumed in Brazzaville
Gouollaly, T., Yoca, J. E., Bouesse, B. M., Thimoleon, A.-B., & Ongoka, P. (2020) · Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.4236/fns.2020.118055 · Cited by 3
Influence of Soil-application of Fish-protein Hydrolysate Liquid on Growth and Yield of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Dewang, S. P., & Usha Devi, C. (2020) · Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research · doi:10.18805/ajdfr.dr-1544 · Cited by 3
“Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is one of highly nutritive, nutritional and biological value vegetable from the family Amaranthaceae (Roberts and Moreau, 2016).”
Background
CHILDREN’S OPINION ON VEGETABLES CONSUMPTION: A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON SCHOOL-AGERS IN CITY OF SEMARANG
Yulianti, N. R., Wahyuningrum, E., Gayatina, A. K., & Erawati, M. (2021) · Indonesian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) · doi:10.30997/ijar.v2i2.126 · Cited by 3
“A review disclosure that spinach functioned as anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, glucose lowering, and antioxidant (Roberts & Moreau, 2016).”
Background
Quinoa as Functional Food? Urinary elimination of ecdysterone after consumption of quinoa alone and in combination with spinach
Isenmann, E., Yuliandra, T., Touvleliou, K., Broekmann, M., Torre, X. D. L., Botrè, F., Diel, P., & Parr, M. K. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.10.560427 · Cited by 2
Evaluation of profit and critical values in spinach production in the Republic of Serbia
Subić, J., Kljajić, N., & Grujić, B. (2023) · Ekonomija teorija i praksa · doi:10.5937/etp2303025s · Cited by 2
Development of nutrient-rich complementary foods using locally sourced ingredients for low-income households in Eastern Ethiopia
Shewa, A. G., Anamoo, S. T., Abera, S., Ali, M. K., & Gelan, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1537357 · Cited by 2
Metabolomics and chemometrics approaches to investigate storage impact on phenolic compounds stability and their antioxidant activities in baby spinach
Ali, A., Arena, J., Gong, X., Lin, X., & Cui, L. (2025) · Applied Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.afres.2025.101522 · Cited by 2
Melatonin priming confers chromium tolerance in spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) seedlings and field-grown plants
Sowhnthariya, M., & Thomas, T. (2026) · International Journal of Vegetable Science · doi:10.1080/19315260.2026.2673029 · Cited by 2
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Ezekiel, O. O., Adedeji, O. E., Ogungbade, B. A., Molade, L., & Ibrahim, A. N. (2022) · Journal of Culinary Science & Technology · doi:10.1080/15428052.2022.2048766 · Cited by 2
“The high concentration of bioactive compounds beyond certain thresholds could bind or inhibit minerals and protein thereby making them unavailable to the body (Mazzucotell et al., 2018; Roberts & Moreau, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Eat4Genes: a bioinformatic rational gene targeting app and prototype model for improving human health
Ford, M. L., Cooley, J. M., Sripada, V., Xu, Z., Erickson, J. S., Bennett, K. P., & Crawford, D. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1196520 · Cited by 2

Authors: Roberts, J. L., & Moreau, R.
Affiliations: University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
Corresponding author: Roberts, Joseph L.
ORCID: Roberts, Joseph L.
Moreau, Régis
Venue: Food & Function
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Published: 2016
Volume: 7
Issue: 8
Pages: 3337-3353
ISSN: 2042-6496 (ISSN-L)
2042-650X
DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00051g
OpenAlex: W2471377492
Cited by: 283
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4
FWCI: 1.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Food & Function (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Seed and Plant Biochemistry
Keywords: spinach, phytochemicals, bioactive compounds, functional foods, leafy vegetables, reactive oxygen species scavenging, oxidative damage, gene expression modulation, satiety hormones, food intake regulation, anticancer activity, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic activity, hypolipidemic activity, glycolipids, thylakoids, antioxidant defense, inflammation
MeSH terms: Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Anticholesteremic Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Antioxidants, Cells, Cultured, Glycolipids, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Spinacia oleracea, Anti-Obesity Agents, Thylakoids, Cell Proliferation, Functional Food, Phytochemicals

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Functional properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) phytochemicals and bioactives

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