Cited by 284Phytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesFood Science and Nutritional StudiesSeed and Plant Biochemistry

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Functional properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) phytochemicals and bioactives

Roberts, Joseph L., Moreau, Régis·2016·Food & Function

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Abstract

Overwhelming evidence indicates that diets rich in fruits and vegetables are protective against common chronic diseases, such as cancer, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Leafy green vegetables, in particular, are recognized as having substantial health-promoting activities that are attributed to the functional properties of their nutrients and non-essential chemical compounds. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is widely regarded as a functional food due to its diverse nutritional composition, which includes vitamins and minerals, and to its phytochemicals and bioactives that promote health beyond basic nutrition. Spinach-derived phytochemicals and bioactives are able to (i) scavenge reactive oxygen species and prevent macromolecular oxidative damage, (ii) modulate expression and activity of genes involved in metabolism, proliferation, inflammation, and antioxidant defence, and (iii) curb food intake by inducing secretion of satiety hormones. These biological activities contribute to the anti-cancer, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties of spinach. Despite these valuable attributes, spinach consumption remains low in comparison to other leafy green vegetables. This review examines the functional properties of spinach in cell culture, animals and humans with a focus on the molecular mechanisms by which spinach-derived non-essential phytochemicals and bioactives, such as glycolipids and thylakoids, impart their health benefits.

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“Although bioactive compounds in isolation can have wide‐reaching health benefits through antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory actions, they are known to act additively and synergistically to elicit a more pronounced biological effect when consumed together.(105,106) A recent study demonstrated that grape seed phenolic ex…”
Background
Impact of Harvest Month and Drying Process on the Nutritional and Bioactive Properties of Wild Palmaria palmata from Atlantic Canada
Lafeuille, B., Tamigneaux, É., Berger, K., Provencher, V., & Beaulieu, L. (2023) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md21070392 · Cited by 23
Prospective study of total and various types of vegetables and the risk of metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents
Hosseinpour‐Niazi, S., Bakhshi, B., Betru, E., Mirmiran, P., Darand, M., & Azizi, F. (2019) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v10.i6.362 · Cited by 24
Plant-based Diets and Phytochemicals in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus and Prevention of its Complications: A Review
Ansari, P., Khan, J. T., Choudhary, S., Reberio, A. D., Kumar, S., Seidel, V., Abdel-Wahab, Y. H. A., & Flatt, P. R. (2024) · doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1739.v1 · Cited by 89
Allelopathic effects of tree peony extracts on bok choy, spinach and tatsoi
Guo, Y., He, S., Zhang, S., Shi, L., & Jia, W. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-11422-y · Cited by 22
Modulatory functions of bioactive fruits, vegetables and spices in adipogenesis and angiogenesis
Sarkar, P. A., & Thirumurugan, K. (2019) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2018.12.036 · Cited by 23
Health-Promoting Nutrients and Potential Bioaccessibility of Breads Enriched with Fresh Kale and Spinach
Czarnowska‐Kujawska, M., Starowicz, M., Barišić, V., & Kujawski, W. M. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11213414 · Cited by 22
“, patuletin, spinatoside), phenolic acids (ferulic and p-coumaric acids), and lignans [13].”
Background
Circadian-based approach for improving physiological, phytochemical and chloroplast proteome in Spinacia oleracea under salinity stress and light emitting diodes
Vajjiravel, P., Nagarajan, D., Pugazhenthi, V., Suresh, A., Sivalingam, M. K., Venkat, A., Mahapatra, P. P., Razi, K., Murad, M. A., Bae, D. W., et al. (2024) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108350 · Cited by 22
Nutritional and Bioactive Constituents of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties in Spinacia oleracea: A Review
Faujan, N. H., Zubairi, S. I., & Ahmad Baker, A. A. (2023) · Sains Malaysiana · doi:10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-08 · Cited by 21
The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of spinach on prevention and treatment of some metabolic and histologic features in a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Amirinejad, A., Hekmatdoost, A., Ebrahimi, A., Ranjbaran, F., & Shidfar, F. (2019) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.10215 · Cited by 22
Industrial freezing effects on the content and bioaccessibility of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) polyphenols
Kamiloğlu, S. (2020) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.10458 · Cited by 21
Dietary intakes of green leafy vegetables and incidence of cardiovascular diseases
Ojagbemi, A., Okekunle, A. P., Olowoyo, P., Akpa, O. M., Akinyemi, R., Ovbiagele, B. I., & Owolabi, M. O. (2021) · Cardiovascular journal of South Africa/Cardiovascular journal of Southern Africa · doi:10.5830/cvja-2021-017 · Cited by 21
“protect against several diseases.(29,59) The fibre component of GLV is also known for its cholesterol-lowering effects.”
Background
Antioxidant potential of extruded snacks enriched with hyper-protein quinoa flour and vegetable extracts
Roa-Acosta, D. F., Bravo, J., Solanilla‐Duque, J. F., GALINDEZ, J. Z. Z., & Jordan Alexis Martínez, C. R. U. Z. (2022) · Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1590/fst.74621 · Cited by 21
The current status of old traditional medicine introduced from Persia to China
Shi, J., Yang, Y., Zhou, X., Zhao, L., Li, X., Yusuf, A., Hossseini, M. M. Z., Sefidkon, F., & Hu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.953352 · Cited by 21
Profiling of Nutritionally Vital Bioactive Compounds in Emerging Green Leafy Vegetables: A Comparative Study
Saini, R. K., Song, M., Yu, J.-W., Lee, J., Ahn, H.-Y., Keum, Y., & Lee, J. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods11233867 · Cited by 22
“These GLVs are a rich source of carotenoids [13–15], polyphenols, and several other bioactive compounds [16,17].”
Background
Strategic Successive Harvesting of Rocket and Spinach Baby Leaves Enhanced Their Quality and Production Efficiency
Bantis, F., Kaponas, C., Charalambous, C., & Κουκουνάρας, Α. (2021) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture11050465 · Cited by 21
“) is another important leafy vegetable with high nutritional content, as it is classified third in antioxidant capacity among vegetables [4].”
Background
Efficient Extraction and Sensitive HPLC-MS/MS Quantification of Selected Ecdysteroids in Plants
Fang, X., Szołtysik, R., Tang, J., & Bajkacz, S. (2022) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104580 · Cited by 20
Mechanisms of intestinal pharmacokinetic natural product-drug interactions
Oyanna, V. O., & Clarke, J. D. (2024) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1080/03602532.2024.2386597 · Cited by 24
“Although its origin is debated to be from iran, china, or Nepal, production statistics indicate china is the world’s largest producer (Roberts and Moreau 2016). like other botan-icals, spinach contains many constituents, such as amino acids, minerals, thylakoids, glycolipids, and poly-phenols…”
Effect of Compost Extract Addition to Different Types of Fertilizers on Quality at Harvest and Shelf Life of Spinach
Giménez, A., Gómez, P. A., Bustamante, M. A., Pérez-Murcia, M. D., Martínez‐Sabater, E., Ros, M., Pascual, J. A., Egea‐Gilabert, C., & Fernández, J. A. (2021) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy11040632 · Cited by 20
“Spinach is a green leafy vegetable considered a functional food because it is rich in mineral elements, vitamins, phytochemicals and bioactive compounds [1].”
Background
Red to Blue Light Ratio and Iron Nutrition Influence Growth, Metabolic Response, and Mineral Nutrients of Spinach Grown Indoors
Vaštakaitė‐Kairienė, V., Brazaitytė, A., Miliauskienė, J., & Runkle, E. S. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141912564 · Cited by 21
Ecdysteroid Content and Therapeutic Activity in Elicited Spinach Accessions
Gorelick, J., Iraqi, R. H., & Bernstein, N. (2020) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants9060727 · Cited by 19
“The recognized nutritional benefits of spinach are well known, rich in many vitamins and minerals [1].”
Background
The Generation of Nitric Oxide from Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2: The Role of Dietary Nitrates and Their Implication in Cardiovascular Disease Management
Maiuolo, J., Oppedisano, F., Carresi, C., Gliozzi, M., Musolino, V., Macrì, R., Scarano, F., Coppoletta, A., Cardamone, A., Bosco, F., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232415454 · Cited by 19
Cultural Practices and Mechanical Weed Control for the Management of a Low-Diversity Weed Community in Spinach
Gazoulis, I., Kanatas, P. J., & Antonopoulos, N. (2021) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d13120616 · Cited by 19
Spinach Methanolic Extract Attenuates the Retinal Degeneration in Diabetic Rats
Bautista‐Pérez, R., Cano-Martı́nez, A., Velazquez, E. G., Rosas, M., Gutiérrez, R. M. P., Jiménez-Gómez, F., & Flores‐Estrada, J. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10050717 · Cited by 18
“mice, and adenocarcinoma of the transgenic mouse prostate [9,10].”
Background
Foliar Application of Protein Hydrolysates on Baby-Leaf Spinach Grown at Different N Levels
Bonasia, A., Conversa, G., Lazzizera, C., & Elia, A. (2021) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12010036 · Cited by 18
“Spinach leaves are an accessible source of natural antioxidants having protective properties for human health [1,2], but they also represent a source of anti-nutritional compounds such as nitrate and oxalate [3].”
Background
Effect of Green Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Spinach Extract on Triton X-100-Induced Atherosclerosis in Rats
Abert, H. O., Aduwamai, U. H., & Adamu, S. S. (2022) · Biochemistry Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/9311227 · Cited by 18
“It curbs food intake by inducing the secretion of satiety hormones [13].”
Background
Enhancing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) resilience in pesticide-contaminated soil: Role of pesticide-tolerant Ciceribacter azotifigens and Serratia marcescens in root architecture, leaf gas exchange attributes and antioxidant response restoration
Shahid, M., & Singh, U. B. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142487 · Cited by 18
Phytochemical Analysis of Flower extracts of Different Cassia Species by Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Socrates, S. H., & Mohan, S. (2018) · International Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.3923/ijbc.2019.1.11 · Cited by 16
Effects of biofertilizers on the growth, leaf physiological indices and chlorophyll fluorescence response of spinach seedlings
Zhang, B., Zhang, H., Lu, D., Cheng, L., & Li, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294349 · Cited by 17
“…oleracea L .) is a big-leaf variety, which belonged to the spinach genus Che-nopodiaceae (annual herbaceous plant), as an important leafy green vegetable its leaves and shoots that contain large quantities of bioactive compounds, minerals, and vitamins like A, B, and C and nutrients [1, 2].”
Background
Influence of simulated food and oral processing on carotenoid and chlorophyll in vitro bioaccessibility among six spinach genotypes
Hayes, M., Corbin, S., Nunn, C., Pottorff, M., Kay, C. D., Lila, M. A., Iorizzo, M., & Ferruzzi, M. G. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo00600b · Cited by 17
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) microgreen prevents the formation of advanced glycation end products in model systems and breads
Zhou, Q., Liang, W., Wan, J., & Wang, M. (2023) · Current Research in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100490 · Cited by 16
Exogenous curcumin mitigates As stress in spinach plants: A biochemical and metabolomics investigation
Zhang, L., Zengin, G., Ozfidan‐Konakci, C., Yıldıztugay, E., Arikan, B., Ekim, R., Koyukan, B., Elbasan, F., & Lucini, L. (2024) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108713 · Cited by 16
Uptake of vegetable and soft drink affected transformation and bioaccessibility of lead in gastrointestinal track exposed to lead-contaminated soil particles
Fan, J., Zhao, L., Kan, J., Qiu, H., Xu, X., & Cao, X. (2020) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110411 · Cited by 16
Effect of crop maturity stages and lactic acid fermentation on nutrient absorption properties, and bioaccessibility of Fe, Zn and Ca in Spinacia oleracea L
Ismail, T., Akhtar, S., Qamar, M., Esatbeyoglu, T., Sestili, P., Saeed, W., & Lazarte, C. E. (2024) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2024.106427 · Cited by 15
Nutritional, Biochemical, and Functional Properties of Spinach Leaf-Enriched Dough: A Healthier Alternative to Conventional Pasta
Iacobellis, I., Lisi, A. D., Vacca, M., Apa, C. A., Celano, G., Mancini, L., Minervini, F., Calasso, M. P., & Angelis, M. D. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13223608 · Cited by 18
“…confirmed by the scavenging activity assay (Figure 3C), which showed the highest value for uncooked PSP25 and the lowest for CP, consistent with previous studies highlighting the significant potential of spinach to prevent oxidative stress-related issues as the result of the considerable…”
Impacts of Commonly Used Edible Plants on the Modulation of Platelet Function
Albadawi, D. A. I., Ravishankar, D., Vallance, T. M., Patel, K., Osborn, H. M. I., & Vaiyapuri, S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23020605 · Cited by 16
“Spinacia oleracea (spinach) leaves have many beneficial effects on human health including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic and hypoglycaemic effects [94].”
Background
New insights into molecular mechanisms of “Cold or Hot” nature of food: When East meets West
Zhou, Y., & Xu, B. (2021) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110361 · Cited by 15
Inhibitory impact of MgO nanoparticles on oxidative stress and other physiological attributes of spinach plant grown under field condition
Gautam, A., Sharma, P., Ashokhan, S., Yaacob, J. S., Kumar, V., & Guleria, P. (2023) · Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants · doi:10.1007/s12298-023-01391-9 · Cited by 14
“Spinacia oleracea (spinach) is a nutrient-enriched annual green leafy vegetable consumed in cooked and raw forms (Morelock and Correll 2008; Roberts and Moreau 2016).”
An investigation on glutathione derived from spinach and red cabbage leaves and their effects of adding to meat patties
Al-Temimi, A. A., Al-Hilifi, S. A., & AL-Mossawi, A.-E.-B. H. J. (2023) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103632 · Cited by 14
“…health advantages, including protection against cancer and obesity, protection against damage caused by macromolecular oxidation, and protection against agerelated macular degeneration (Roberts and Moreau, 2016; Verma et al., 2018b; Verma et al., 2020; Gutierrez et al., 2019; Sarkar et al., 2022b).”
BackgroundInfluential
Alpha-cadinol as a potential ACE-inhibitory volatile compound identified from Phaseolus vulgaris L. through in vitro and in silico analysis
Tripathi, J., Gupta, S., & Gautam, S. (2022) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2022.2057359 · Cited by 12
“…garlic are very commonly consumed vegetables across the globe, and already have well characterised biological activities such as anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-microbial activities (Aguiar et al., 2021; Guimar~aes et al., 2019; Roberts & Moreau, 2016; Bayan et al., 2014).”
Background
Lemon Juice Formulations Modulate In Vitro Digestive Recovery of Spinach Phytochemicals
Vujčić, V., Šola, I., & Rusak, G. (2022) · Food Technology and Biotechnology · doi:10.17113/ftb.60.03.22.7104 · Cited by 13
“According to the literature, both spinach and lemon juice are good sources of antioxidants (2,11,14,32,45).”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Roberts, J. L., & Moreau, R.
Affiliations: University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
Corresponding author: Roberts, Joseph L.
ORCID: Roberts, Joseph L.
Moreau, Régis
Venue: Food & Function
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Published: 2016
Volume: 7
Issue: 8
Pages: 3337-3353
ISSN: 2042-6496 (ISSN-L)
2042-650X
DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00051g
OpenAlex: W2471377492
Cited by: 283
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4
FWCI: 1.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Food & Function (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Seed and Plant Biochemistry
Keywords: spinach, phytochemicals, bioactive compounds, functional foods, leafy vegetables, reactive oxygen species scavenging, oxidative damage, gene expression modulation, satiety hormones, food intake regulation, anticancer activity, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic activity, hypolipidemic activity, glycolipids, thylakoids, antioxidant defense, inflammation
MeSH terms: Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Anticholesteremic Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Antioxidants, Cells, Cultured, Glycolipids, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Spinacia oleracea, Anti-Obesity Agents, Thylakoids, Cell Proliferation, Functional Food, Phytochemicals

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Functional properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) phytochemicals and bioactives

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